Sugar-based Gemini surfactant

A highly unexpected result, first reported in 2(X)3, was the efficient adsorption of hydroxide ions at pH values slightly above 7.5 to (almost) uncharged hydrophobic snrfaces and vesicular surfaces formed by reduced-sugar based gemini surfactants. The origin of this phenomenon has been investigated in some detail. ... 

Figure 16.11 Molecular structures of the reduced sugar-based gemini surfactants CSI (a) and CS2 (b). Note the different stereochemistry of the sugar moieties...

L. Wasungu, M. Scarzello, G. van Dam, G. Molema, A. Wagenaar, J. B. F. N. Engberts, D. Hoekstra, Transfection mediated by pH-sensitive sugar-based gemini surfactants potential for in vivo gene therapy applications, J. Mol. Med., 2006, 84, llA-1%4. 

Figure 7.26 Representative examples of sugar-based Gemini surfactants (reduced sugars).

The gemini-containing cationic [quaternary ammonium salts, called bis (Quats)], anionic (phosphate, sulfate, carboxylate), amphoteric and nonionic (polyether or sugar), polar groups have been a matter of numerous investigations [59]. Only few studies have been done on the physicochemical and biological properties of amino acid-based gemini surfactants [60-62]. 

Zhou Q, Somasundaian P (2009) Synergistic adsorption of mixtures of cationic gemini and ntmitmic sugar-based surfactant on silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 331 288-294... 

Gao, C. Millqvist-Fureby Whitcombe, M.J. Vulfson, E.N. Regioselective synthesis of dimeric (Gemini) and trimeric sugar-based surfactants. J. Surfactants and Detergents 1999, 2, 293 302. 

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