For Gemini

Fig. 4 shows the efficiency of the set of reflection gratings delivered with the Gemini Multiobject Spectrograph (GMOS) for Gemini-North (Section 2.3). 

Trimeric and oligomeric surfactants have also been prepared (Zana, 1995 Sumida, 1998 In, 2000 Onitsuka, 2001). Their CMC values are even smaller than those of the analogous geminis. As the number of hydrophobic groups per molecule increases for gemini quaternary C12 ammonium compounds with polymethylene -(CH2) j spacers, their surface layers become more dense, their micellar microviscosity increases, and their micellar shape changes from spherical to wormlike, to... 

EXUSlAl Ast, SOCHER 1975 appears to link the sigii for Gemini with the Sphere of the Exusiai, which is traditionally associated with the SPHERE OP TUE SUN. 

From the very beginning of modem fuel cell development, potential applications for military purposes were an important driving force and source of financing of this R D work. In the early 1960s, for example, the work of General Electric on membrane-type fuel cells that led to the power plants for Gemini spacecraft was financed, in part, by the US Navy s Bureau of Ships (Electronic Division) and by the US Army Signal Corps. 

FIGURE 29.4 Two different pathways to m-i-m-type gemini surfactants. Path a is preferred for geminis, where s = 2 IPA—Isopropyl alcohol. 

For a list of abbreviations and an example of the nomenclature applied for gemini surfactants, see footnotes on Table 4.1. ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry vH, van t Hoff equation. 

As discussed previously, the cmc values for gemini surfactants are always lower than their single long-chain counterpart due to more favorable (AG ). As can be seen in Figure 4.5, there is also a decrease in cmc as a function of increasing nC (slope = -0.89 0.03). Concerning the influence of the number of carbons in the... 

Dynamic surface tension (DST) studies of the cationic surfactants [A] with Y = CHOH showed that their adsorption at the air-solution interface is controlled by diffusion [83]. On the contrary, for gemini surfactants [Q] (Fig. 5), the results suggest that at the beginning (short times) the adsorption is essentially diffusion controlled. However, close to equilibrium (long times) the DST decays are not consistent with a diffusion-controlled adsorption... 

Very early hydrocarbon-based membranes tested as electrolytes in PEMECs for Gemini space missions, such as sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde resins, sulfonated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) copolymers, and grafted polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes, were chemically weak, and therefore PEMFCs using these membranes showed poor performance and had only lifetimes of several hundred hours (LaConti et al. 2003). Nafion , a PESA membrane, was developed in the mid-1960s by DuPont (LaConti et al. 2003). It is based on an aliphatic perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, and exhibited excellent physical properties and oxidative stability in both wet and dry states. A PEMEC stack using Nafion 120 (250- tm thickness, equivalent weight = 1,200) achieved continuous operation for 60,000 h at 43-82°C (LaConti et al. 2003, 2006). A Nafion -based PEMFC was used for the NASA 30-day Biosatellite space mission (LaConti et al. 2003). 

However, to realize and e q>loit the superb image quality with these telescopes at infrared wavelengths, a different approach to designing infrared instruments for Gemini is required. 

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