Gemini program

GE develops Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) y Fuel Gell for NASA s Gemini Program (1966)... 

The application of fuel cells in the space program (1 kW PEFC in the Gemini program and... 

From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, the development of FCs and RFCs was driven by the space exploration programs of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During the Gemini program, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) were developed and used. In the Apollo program, AFCs were used and the focus was on rehable and reproducible stacks and systems [14]. 

The development of fuel cells gained momentum in the mid-20 Century under the leadership of Francis T. Bacon, who created the first powerful prototypes (1 kW in 1953 and 5 kW in 1959). This work enabled modnles to be included on board the marmed space flights in the Gemini program, followed by the Apollo program. 

Lowman, P. D. 1968, Geological Orbital Photography Experience from the Gemini Program, Goddard Space Flight Center, X-644-68-228, Greenbelt Md. 

It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties superconductive magnets have been... 

Although the principle of fuel cells has been known since 1838, practical applications arc fairly recent. The first applications were in the space program, where fuel cells powered the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. In the 1960s and 1970s, fuel cells... 

PEM technology was originally developed as part of the Gemini space program.16 In a PEM electrolyzer, the electrolyte is contained in a thin, solid ion-conducting membrane rather than the aqueous solution in the alkaline electrolyzers. This allows the H+ ion (proton) or hydrated water molecule (HsO+) to transfer from the anode side of the membrane to the cathode side, and separates the hydrogen and oxygen... 

The most successful solid protonic membrane for fuel cell use is NAFION membrane (saturated with aqueous acid solution) used in kW-size fuel cells in the US Gemini space program up to 150 °C. NAFION is a perfluorinated polymer with sulfonic acid groups. 

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