IL-based gemini surfactants

DNA). Finally, conclusions and future prospects for IL-based gemini surfactants, in... 

The methods used to synthesize IL-based gemini surfactants can be found in the literature [12,13,15,32,36-38,42,43]. In general, cationic IL-based gemini surfactants can be synthesized by heating, condensation, salifying, or coupling reactions. There are three main approaches for the preparation of IL-based gemini surfactants as follows ... 

Figure 6.2 The synthesis of IL-based gemini surfactants [Cjj-4-Cjjim]Brj. Reproduced from...

The Aggregation Behavior of iL-Based Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Soiution... 

TABLE 6.1 Surface Activity Parameters tor IL-Based Gemini Surfactants... 

The difference in surface properties of IL-based gemini surfactants is based on surface activity parameters. However, no regular patterns or trends in surface activity parameters were observed in case of different structural IL-based gemini surfactants. It is true that these parameters depend on the state of surfactant adsorption at the air/ water interface. 

Although previous studies have explored some important aspects of the aggregation of surfactants in aqueous solutions, the microscopic structure of aggregates has not been well defined. To date, little is known about the exact structure of IL-based gemini surfactants. It is unclear about how the formation of micelles, emulsions, or dissociated ions is affected by temperature and solution conditions. 

IL-based gemini surfactants possess foaming, emulsification, and dispersion. These functions are related to the surfactant adsorbing at the interface [67-70], Surface properties of IL-based gemini surfactants have effect on many unit operations and processes. For example, the compound transfer through the interface is an important part of the extraction process [34]. 

THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IL-BASED GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND BIOMACROMOLECULES... 

The unique physicochemical properties of IL-based gemini surfactants have attracted increasing interests due to their potential applications in various areas [73]. Especially in life science and biological areas, the interactions between IL-based gemini surfactants and biomacromolecules are of interest, for example, the potential application in gene delivery and transfection [74—77]. In this section, we mainly summarize the complexation and thermodynamics of interactions between IL-based gemini surfactants and biomacromolecules (DNA, proteins). 

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