Gemini surfactants foaming

U.S. 5968496 (1999) U.S. 5922671 (1999) Linares et al. (Procter Gamble) Tracy et al. (Rhodia) (a) Imidazolinium amphoteric surfactant (b) polyol alkoxy ester (a)/(b) = 15 1-1 1 Bis-alkyphenol alkoxylated Gemini surfactants Excellent cleaning performance and mildness improved foam stability Improved surfactant properties mild and environmentally benign... 

IL-based gemini surfactants possess foaming, emulsification, and dispersion. These functions are related to the surfactant adsorbing at the interface [67-70], Surface properties of IL-based gemini surfactants have effect on many unit operations and processes. For example, the compound transfer through the interface is an important part of the extraction process [34]. 

Aramaki, K., Aratani, K., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Interfadal properties and foam stability effect of novel gemini-type surfactant in aqueous solutions./. Colloid Interface Sci., 291, 236-243. 

The dynamic surface tension is an important property, relevant to many practical, non-equilibrium processes such as emulsification and foaming. Dynamic surface tension is a measure of how fast, in the millisecond range, a surfactant decreases the surface tension from the value of pure water (around 70 mN/m) to values in the range of 30 mN/m. It has been found that the type of spacer governs the dynamic surface tension of geminis to a considerable degree, i.e. the longer and... 

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