Gasoline cleanups

Trial and error is often the typical procedure that is used to implement enhanced biorestoration. In simple cases of gasoline cleanups, these may be appropriate however, when the chemicals involved are recalcitrant (difficult to degrade), toxic, or present in a complex geologic environment (i.e., low-permeability soil, lateral or vertical heterogeneities, etc.), enhanced biorestoration can be difficult, and risk assessment-type analyses may be more suited for a particular site. 

Besides petroleum products, other hazardous substances (see Tables 18.7-18.9) are also stored in USTs. Among them, a common and important group is the dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). This group has some different physical properties from petroleum (especially gasoline) that make them behave differently in the way they move underground. This section presents the important factors associated with the cleanup of DNAPLs. 

The remedial technologies83-85,90-93 described in previous sections for gasoline release are applicable, for the most part, for remediation of DNAPLs. For example, the pumping or trench method for free products, vacuum extraction, biodegradation, pumping and treatment, soil flushing, and soil excavation and treatment are suitable for cleanup of various phases of DNAPLs. Again, because of... 

For some of the treatment profiles, the specific components that make up the total cost were not provided in the source materials, such as for capital or operation and maintenance activities. In other cases, the types of contaminants present at the sites, other than MTBE, were not identified in the source materials. Sites may have been contaminated with gasoline components such as petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as oxygenates, and the treatment costs reported are for cleanup of both the gasoline components and oxygenates. 

Petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels are excluded from the definition of a hazardous substance, and the definitions of pollutants and contaminants under CERCLA this is known as the Petroleum Exclusion. Although the EPA has the authority to regulate the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, the release of petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels from active or abandoned pits or other land disposal units is currently exempt from CERCLA. Such sites cannot use Superfund dollars for cleanup, nor can the EPA enforce an oil and gas operator, landowner, or other individual to clean up a release under CERCLA. Substances exempt include such materials as brine, crude oil, and refined products (i.e., gasoline and diesel fuel) and fractions. 

In the current context, the 1990 amendments provide economic incentives for cleaning up pollution. For instance, refiners can get credits if they produce cleaner gasoline than required, and the credits when the gasoline does not quite meet cleanup requirements. 

Accordingly, the total petroleum hydrocarbons at a gasoline spill site will be comprised of mostly Cs to Cu compounds, while total petroleum hydrocarbons at an older site where the fuel has weathered will likely measure mostly Cg to Cn compounds. Because of this inherent variability in the method and the analyte, it is currently not possible to directly relate potential enviromnental or health risks with concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons. The relative mobility or toxicity of contaminants represented by total petroleum hydrocarbons analyses at one site may be completely different from that of another site (e.g., Ce to Cn compared to Cio to C25). There is no easy way to determine if total petroleum hydrocarbons from the former site will represent the same level of risk as an equal measure of the total petroleum hydrocarbons from the latter. For these reasons it is clear that the total petroleum hydrocarbons value offers limited benefits as an indicator measure for cleanup criteria. Its current widespread use as a soil cleanup criterion is a function of a lack of understanding of its proper application and... 

ChemPete, Inc., bioremediation is an effective and continuous cleanup method for transforming gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, kerosene, and chlorinated solvents to nonhazardous organic matter, carbon dioxide, and water, according to the vendor. ChemPete uses bacteria, nutrients, and a catalyst developed by Alpha Environmental Biosystems, Inc. ChemPete was the first company to achieve closure of both gasoline and fuel oil sites in situ in accordance with Illinois rigorous closure guidelines (5 parts per billion benzene). RIMS was unable to contact the vendor, and the commercial availability is unknown. 

The soil cleanup system (SCS) is a rotary kiln modified asphalt recycling unit for treatment of gasoline- and diesel-fuel-contaminated soils. This technology has been used in at least two full-scale demonstrations however, its commercial availability is unknown because RIMS was unable to contact the vendor. The asphalt recycling unit was originally developed by Robert L. Mendenhall, a Las Vegas, Nevada, contractor who had successfully recycled asphalt for a number of years. 

The total cost of the LLNL gasoline spill site demonstration was 10.4 million, or 104/yd (assuming a total cleanup volume of 100,000 yd of soil and 1993 dollars). This figure includes costs for research and development. The U.S. DOE believes that with the benefits of lessons learned and the elimination of research activities, remediation costs for the LLNL gasoline spill site would be 40% lower than the demonstration costs (see Case Study 1, D168698, pp. E1-E3 D19319V, pp. 17-20 D20102L, p. 2). 

For cleanup of gasoline spiU site at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories. 

Incendiary and explosive devices are used in most terrorist attacks. As a result of combustion of fuel and hazardous materials, PAHs are released in high volumes. Exposure of civilians or deployed personnel to fumes containing PAHs constitutes an acute exposure scenario. Additionally, defense forces involved in extinguishing oil well fires, and cleanup tasks are exposed to low levels of PAHs over a more protracted time period. In addition, over 1.3 million civilian and military personnel are occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon fuels, particularly gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or kerosene on a near daily basis. Studies have reported acute or persisting neurotoxic effects from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to hydrocarbon fuels (Ritchie et n/., 2001), specifically burning of jet fuels, which release PAHs in considerable proportions. 

Nearly all states have cleanup standards for TPH or components of TPH (common cleanup standards are for gasoline, diesel fuel, and waste oil). Analytical methods are specified, many of which are considered to be TPH methods. 

A possible destruction upon impact of zinc-halogen batteries might lead to the release of chlorine gas or bromine liquid and vapor. A study of the effects of spilling a full load of chlorine hydrate on hot concrete concluded that the probability of lethal accidents appears to be no more serious than that caused by gasoline fires in ICE-powered cars. The bromine vapor pressure above the organic complex is lower than that of chlorine above chlorine hydrate its lethal dose, however, is smaller and the spill cleanup and dispersion problems may be more severe. 

The chemical composition and physical properties of the different types of oil are described in Chapter 3. The oils that are used in this book to illustrate the fate, behaviour, and cleanup of oil spills are introduced. These represent the primary oil and petroleum products used and spilled. They are gasoline, diesel fuel, a light crude oil, a heavy crude oil, an intermediate fuel oil (IFO) which is made from a heavy residual oil and diesel fuel, a residual oil, sometimes called Bunker fuel, and crude oil emulsion. 

Iran s petrochemical industry is striving to be a major player in the region. There are eight government-owned petrochemical production companies and three privately owned petrochemical/chemical companies. The major petrochemical products are ethylene and its derivatives, propylene and its derivatives, benzene, toluene, xylenes, pyrolysis gasoline, propane, butane, pentane, ethylbenzene, and styrene, as well as sulfur, ammonia, and its derivatives. In early 1999 there were 21 construction projects in the areas of petrochemicals, petroleum, and environmental cleanup [13]. 

Table 2. Technical targets fuel processors to generate hydrogen-containing fuel gas from reformulated gasoline containing 30 ppm sulfur, average, for 50 kWe (net) fuel cell sterns (Excludes fuel storage includes controls, shift reactors, CO cleanup, heat exchangers) All targets must be achieved simultaneously and are consistent with those of FreedomCAR ...

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