Explosive devices

Another safety issue to be considered which might be exacerbated in the reprocessing option is that the plutonium generated in power reactors, called reactor-grade plutonium because it is made up of a variety of plutonium isotopes, contains plutonium-241, which is subject to spontaneous fission (8). The mixture of isotopes makes it extremely difficult to build an effective nuclear weapon. However, an explosive device could be built using this mixture if control of detonation is sacrificed (48). 

There are a number of other devices that can be used to aid in the retrieval of a fish. These vary from mechanical tubular cutting equipment to explosive devices. This type of equipment can be very useful in separating the fish into smaller parts that can be retrieved more easily than the whole fish. 

Conf) S) W.H. Snyder C.R. Hoggatt, Performance of Testing Services on High Explosive Devices and the Reduction of Data , DRI-4350-7004-F (1970) (Conf)... 

EE) R. Vincent E.L. Clark, Shaped Charge Liner Studies Using Various Materials , DRD-444 (1973) (ConO FF) R.C. Dean B.E. Craddock, Hard Structure Munition-Phase IIC , GER-15945 (1973) (ConO GG) C.R. Hoggatt, E,S. Grubin W.H, Snyder, Performance of Testing Services on High Explosive Devices and the Reduction of Accumulated Data , DRI-4782-7309-F (1973) (ConO HH) D.R. 

Nuclear and non-nuclear munitions (to include mines, grenades, demolition devices, explosives, explosive devices and initiators) except chemical and smoke munitions assigned to Edgewood Arsenal... 

A mixture of aluminium powder and hot copper oxide exploded violently during mixing with a steel shovel on an iron plate. The frictional mixing initiated the thermite-like mixture [1]. Such mixtures are now used in electro-explosive devices [2], Two cases of violent explosions after adding scrap copper to molten aluminium are discussed. In both cases, when some undissolved copper with adhering aluminium and oxide dross was removed from the furnace, the explosions occurred outside the melting furnace [3],... 

Combat medicine poses special problems. Chemical science and technology can aid in the rapid detection and treatment of injuries from chemical and biological weapons and other new weapons such as lasers. We need to develop blood substitutes with a long shelf life, and improved biocompatible materials for dealing with wounds. For the Navy, there are special needs such as analytical systems that can sample the seawater to detect and identify other vessels. We need good ways to detect mines, both at sea and on land. Land mines present a continued threat to civilians after hostilities have ended, and chemical techniques are needed to detect these explosive devices. 

Highly energetic compounds with potential use in explosive devices must be characterized completely and safely, particularly as the explosive character may be linked directly to vibrational modes in the molecular structure, hence the application of computational methods to complement experimental observations. ANTA 5 has been the subject of various studies and, as an adjunct to one of these and to confirm the results of an inelastic neutron scattering experiment, an isolated molecule calculation was carried out using the 6-311G basis set <2005CPL(403)329>. 

Terrorist threats or incidents using chemical, biological, nuclear / radiological or large explosive devices ... 

Pressure data from dust explosion device. 

FIG. 23-11 Pressure data from dust explosion device. (Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, 2d ed., 2002. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle... 

The inertia, the opening behavior of a bursting disk or of the movable cover of an explosion device, and its arrangement (horizontal, vertical) can affect the venting efficiency and may result in a higher maximum reduced explosion overpressure inside the protected vessel (Fig. 23-13). This venting efficiency is mainly dependent upon the specific mass of the venting device. 

For all other conditions EF has to be determined by tests (Fig. 23-13). EF and therefore the effective vent area Aw of a non-inertia-free explosion device are smaller than the venting efficiency of an inertia-free vent device (specific mass < 0.5 kg/m2) with the same vent area. Therefore, such devices need testing to determine the mechanical strength before actual use, and the EF or the pressure rise, respectively, has to be chosen relative to the Predmax of the rupture disk of the same area. 

Of the explosive devices that actually exploded at Columbine High School, thirteen were placed outside of the school building, five were situated in the library, six exploded in hallways and classrooms, and six went off in the cafeteria. Of the explosive devices that failed to function at the school, two were placed outside the school, twenty-six were situated in the library, fourteen in classrooms or hallways, and four were positioned in the cafeteria. 

Attempt to identify agent or weapon, type of dissemination (aerosol/liquid/vapor/solid), and characteristics of the agent and threats posed. Search the area for secondary explosive devices or booby-traps designed to kill or maim first responders. Limit the number of personnel and exposure time on scene. 

Given the successes of the war on terrorism and the caveats listed above, research on sensors should address near term threats such as metals in weapons, explosives and improvised explosive devices (fEDs), and suicide packs, while continuing to address the longer-term threats of CBRN. 

Dirty bomb A conventional explosive device also containing radioactive materials used for the express purpose of contaminating property and/or terrorizing the general public. 

Nuclear explosive device Assembly of nuclear and other materials and fuses that could be used in a test but generally cannot be delivered reliably as part of a weapon. 

An explosive device is initiated or detonated by an explosive train — an arrangement of explosive components by which the initial force from the primary explosive is transmitted and intensified until it reaches and sets off the main explosive composition. Most explosive trains contain a primary explosive as the first component. The second component in the train will depend on the type of initiation process required for the main explosive composition. If the main explosive composition is to be detonated, the second component of the train will burn to detonation so that it imparts a shockwave to the main composition. This type of explosive train is known as a detonator. Detonators can be initiated by electrical means, friction, flash, or percussion. 

If an explosive train is only required to ignite a main composition, an igniter that produces a flash instead of a detonation is used. Explosives of this kind are known as deflagrating explosives. Similar to detonators, igniters can be initiated by electrical means, friction, flash, or percussion. An example of an igniter is a squib, a small explosive device loaded with an explosive that deflagrates. Its output is primarily heat.8... 

When an explosive device is used to disperse radioactive, chemical, or biological materials, the treatment of casualties is more difficult because of the presence of contamination. In this situation, emergency responders could face a life-threatening situation unless appropriate precautions are taken. These precautions include using screening instruments (see Section 6.12) to assess hazard conditions before responding, then selecting the appropriate level of personal protective equipment (see Section 6.7) to provide protection from the hazard. 

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