Power cars

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

Which are more polluting cars with Internal combustion engines or electric-powered cars ... 

Apart from the hydrolysis step, the SCR-urea process is equivalent to that of stationary sources, and in fact the key idea behind the development of SCR-urea for diesel powered cars was the necessity to have a catalyst (1) active in the presence of 02, (2) active at very high space velocities ( 500.000 per hour based on the washcoat of a monolith) and low reaction temperatures (the temperature of the emissions in the typical diesel cycles used in testing are in the range of 120-200°C for over half of the time of the testing cycle), and (3) resistant to sulphur and phosphorus deactivation. V-Ti02-based catalysts for SCR-NH3 have these characteristics and for this reason their applications have also been developed for mobile sources. 

Less noted today is the fact that The World Set Free also posited the collapse of world economies as a direct result of atomic transmutation. In Wells s novel, gold was one of the by-products of the newly harnessed atomic energy that powered cars and houses. It thus became worthless. Wells begins his novel in a Soddyian vein, with a chapter entitled The Sun Snarers that recounts the history of mankind s use of energy. When he reaches the late medieval period in his story, Wells notes ... 

By the late 1990s, it was clear that only the big automakers could make the electric car really happen. But, these were the same companies that had disdained electric cars earlier. GM once sued California in the U.S. District Court in Fresno to block imposition of the state s zero-emissions rules. These regulations would require automakers to build thousands of electric vehicles using rechargeable storage battery technology. But, the auto industry contended that conventional, electric-powered cars were too expensive and too limited in range to be profitable. 

Hydrogen powered cars need to hold enough fuel to get the 300 mile driving range of today s IC cars. Hydrogen service stations are few, so refueling becomes a problem. About 12,000 fuel stations in the hundred largest cities in the U.S. would put 70% of the population within 2 miles of fuel. At a cost of one million dollars per station, 12 billion would be needed to provide a fuel infrastructure. This is less than half of what it would cost to build the Alaska pipeline in today s dollars. 

DaimlerChrysler has been working on hybrid cars while Opel General Motors has built a hydrogen-powered car, HydroGen 1. Ford plans to make its SUVs lighter and more aerodynamic and had plans to introduce an electric version of its Escape SUV. Pininfarina s Metrocubo of 1999 is a hybrid car. 

These same concepts could be used in fuel cell powered cars. Ultralight fuel cell vehicles are a part of the current generation of clean concept cars, sometimes called Green Cars. In 1996, when EV1 became available, it accelerated the development of the hybrid Toyota Prius and GM would show a number of alternative-fueled concept cars at the 1998 Detroit Show. Now every auto show has its alternative cars. 

In fact, the idea of electric cars is not new. In the early days of the automohile, electric cars were more common than gasoline-powered cars. The production of electric cars peaked in 1912, hut then completely stopped in the 1930s. 

Ford manufactured a Ford Focus C-max hydrogen powered car that consumed 250 litres/min of from a tank. 

S1 r s plasma fog jet watercar approach is one of the simplest, yet most effective and safe approaches to creating a water powered car. It only requires an electrical system that can deliver 5-10 amps and 14,000+ volts to the spark plugs at each firing. There are any number of different ways that this can be accomplished using off-the-shelf parts and equipment. 

The importance of lowering automobile emissions has already resulted in changes in car manufacturing. Electric cars, which were popular 100 years ago but fell by the wayside because they could not keep up with gasoline-powered cars, are making a comeback. Although battery-powered vehicles are useful for short, slow trips aroimd a crowded campus, for instance, they continue to be plagued by limited speeds and durations. Automobile manufacturers have alleviated these problems by com-... 

In Sweden, three-way catalysts have been required on all cars since 1989, and tax incentives were offered to purchase such vehicles in the 1987 and 1988 model years. Figure 16.34 shows the CO and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions as a function of model year of gasoline-powered cars, measured using a remote-sensing technique (Sjodin, 1994). There is a large decrease in the emissions from 1987 to 1988 and 1989, supporting the effectiveness of these motor vehicle exhaust controls. 

Somasekhar, M. (2001). Potatoes to power cars, make soft drinks. The Hindu, July 30. http //www.hinduonnet.com/ businessline/2001/07/30/stories/073067bl.htm. 

The reason that solid state batteries are potentially useful is that they can perform over a wide temperature range, they have a long shelf life, and it is possible to manufacture them so that they are extremely small. Lightweight rechargeable batteries can be now be made to give sufficient power to maintain mobile phones for several days and laptop computers for several hours. They are used for backup power supplies and may eventually become useful as alternative fuel sources to power cars. 

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