Gases carbon monoxide

The gaseous constituents produced in a refinery give rise to a host of chemical intermediates that can be used for the manufacture of a wide variety of products (2). Synthesis gas (carbon monoxide, CO, and hydrogen, H2) mixtures are also used to produce valuable industrial chemicals (Pig. 13). 

Synthetic Fuels. Hydrocarbon Hquids made from nonpetroleum sources can be used in steam crackers to produce olefins. Fischer-Tropsch Hquids, oil-shale Hquids, and coal-Hquefaction products are examples (61) (see Fuels, synthetic). Work using Fischer-Tropsch catalysts indicates that olefins can be made directly from synthesis gas—carbon monoxide and hydrogen (62,63). Shape-selective molecular sieves (qv) also are being evaluated (64). 

The carbon monoxide product is removed from the top of the column and warmed against recycled high pressure product. The warm low pressure stream is compressed, and the bulk of it is recycled to the system for process use as a reboder medium and as the reflux to the carbon monoxide column the balance is removed as product. The main impurity in the stream is nitrogen from the feed gas. Carbon monoxide purities of 99.8% are commonly obtained from nitrogen-free feedstocks. 

Hess s law is very convenient for obtaining values of AH for reactions that are difficult to carry out in a calorimeter. Consider, for example, the formation of the toxic gas carbon monoxide from the elements... 

This reaction serves for removal of carbon monoxide from gas mixtures and is usually carried out over supported metal catalysts. In reforming techniques, carbon monoxide, poisonous for the catalyst in fuel cells, is removed in such a way. It is also applied in automobiles for reducing the exhaust gas carbon monoxide to an environmentally acceptable level. 

TCI (HC1 + chlorine gas) Carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrocarbons (HC) 21 ppmv lOOppmv CO or 10 ppmv HC 86 ppmv 600 ppmv lOOppmv CO or 20 ppmv HC 73 ppmv lOOppmv CO or 10 ppmv HC 5.08 E-2 lb/MMBtu or 31 ppmv depending on Btu content of hazardous waste 25 ppmv or 99.987% SRE... 

Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated in incomplete combustion processes. In households the main sources are all kinds of fuel burners (fuel oil, wood, natural gas, coal etc.) and automotive exhaust gas. Carbon monoxide is an odorless and invisible gas, and, due to its affinity to hemoglobin, which is higher than that of oxygen, it reduces the blood s capacity to carry oxygen. Hence it is toxic, especially for unborn and small children as well as for the elderly or people with heart problems or anemia. Even small amounts of CO can be harmful. Tab. 5.6 gives an overview of the relation between CO concentration and the corresponding symptoms of intoxication. 

Air emissions may arise from fugitive propane emissions and process vents. These include heater stack gas (carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter) as well as hydrocarbon emission, such as fugitive propane and fugitive solvents. Steam stripping wastewater (oil and solvents) and solvent recovery wastewater (oil and propane) are also produced. 

The process requires two conversion steps. In the first, an olefin plus synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) are reacted over a cobalt or rhodium catalyst to produce two aldehydes, with one being an isomer of the other. 

Fischer-Tropsch process (or synthesis). The manufacture of synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) by passing steam over hot coal and the subsequent production of organic compounds from the synthesis gas. 

Reforming, In refining, a catalytic process in which naphtha molecules are cracked, rearranged, and/or recombined for the purpose of increasing the octane number of the naphtha. Reforming is also the process of converting hydrocarbons and steam to synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen). 

Sulfuric acid. Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine gas. Carbon monoxide... 

Gas, Combustible. Any gaseous substance or mixture consisting principally of carbon and hydrogen contg gases used for illuminating or heating purposes may be called combustible gas. These include blast furnace gas, carbon monoxide gas, coal gas, coke-oven gas, fuel gas, natural gas, oil gas, producer gas, tar gas, water gas and wood gas... 

During this process, the complete combustion of methane, heat is given out. It is an exothermic reaction. If only a limited supply of air is available then the reaction is not as exothermic and the poisonous gas carbon monoxide is produced, methane + oxygen — carbon + water + heat monoxide energy... 

Phosgene is a very poisonous gas. Carbon monoxide is used to produce many other important chemicals in industry. 

Carbon monoxide (melting point -199°C, boiling point -191.5°C) is one of the chief constituents of synthesis gas (carbon monoxide plus hydrogen). It is obtained in pure form through cryogenic procedures, with hydrogen as a coproduct. 

The second stage of the Swem oxidation, illustrated below, involves a nucleophilic displacement of the oxallyl group from the sulfur. In this step, the nucleophile is a chloride anion, and the reaction is facilitated by the decomposition of the leaving group into carbon dioxide gas, carbon monoxide gas, and a chloride anion. 

The acid salt is very energetically decomposed, becoming first red and then brown. At the anode carbonic-acid gas, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitrogen escape (Bourgoin1). 

In the new Eastman process, synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) is made from coal. Then, from the generated synthesis gas, methanol was prepared. (Prior to this time, methanol had been made from methane, i.e., natural gas.)... 

The use of bifunctional metal/zeolite catalysts for the conversion of synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to gasoline range hydrocarbons has recently attracted much attention. For example, the combination of metal oxides with the medium pore ( 6A) zeolite ZSM-5 and the use of a metal nitrate impregnated ZSM-5 catalyst have been shown to produce gasoline range hydrocar-... 

Trace quantities of carbon monoxide in the environment are considered normal (WHO 1999). Plants can both metabolize and produce this gas. Carbon monoxide is also produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials (ACGIH 1996), and automobile exhaust is a major source of carbon... 

Some of the solvent wiU be metabolized in the liver, and one product of the metabolism is the poisonous gas carbon monoxide. There have been cases of severe carbon monoxide poisoning due to prolonged exposure to methylene chloride. Someone exposed to the solvent for two to three hours may achieve a level of 15 per cent carbon monoxide in the blood, which would cause only mild effects in a healthy individual but possibly more severe problems in someone with heart or lung disease. 

The reactions are elementary and take place in the gas phase. The reaction is to be carried out isothermally and as a first approximating pressure drop will be neglected. The feed consists of hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, j carbon dioxide, and steam. The total molar flow rate is 300 mo /s. The entering pressure may be varied between 1 atm and 160 atm and the entering temperature between 300 K and 400 K. Tubular (PFR) reactor volumes between 0.1 m and 2 m are available for use. 

In the flue gas carbon monoxide and particulate shall be measured. CO-data can be used from the flue loss measurements. The data needs to be standardized to a given oxygen content (e.g. 13 vol %). If required also additional flue gas components can be analyzed such as nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC). The particulate measurements are done in the dilution tunnel. The particulate measurements shall not be interrupted during a bum cycle. 

In the manufacture of steel, pure oxygen is blown through molten iron to remove some of the carbon impurity. If the combustion of carbon is efficient, carbon dioxide (density = 1.80 g/L) is produced. Incomplete combustion produces the poisonous gas carbon monoxide (density = 1.15 g/L) and should be avoided. If you measure a gas density of 1.77 g/L, what do you conclude ... 

Diphosgene decomposes into phosgene gas, hydrogen chloride gas, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. 

But when the supply of oxygen is limited, the poisonous gas carbon monoxide, CO, is formed. 

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