Gasoline range

The Fischer-Tropsch process can be considered as a one-carbon polymerization reaction of a monomer derived from CO. The polymerization affords a distribution of polymer molecular weights that foUows the Anderson-Shulz-Flory model. The distribution is described by a linear relationship between the logarithm of product yield vs carbon number. The objective of much of the development work on the FT synthesis has been to circumvent the theoretical distribution so as to increase the yields of gasoline range hydrocarbons. 

Mobil MTG and MTO Process. Methanol from any source can be converted to gasoline range hydrocarbons using the Mobil MTG process. This process takes advantage of the shape selective activity of ZSM-5 zeoHte catalyst to limit the size of hydrocarbons in the product. The pore size and cavity dimensions favor the production of C-5—C-10 hydrocarbons. The first step in the conversion is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of methanol to form dimethyl ether. The ether subsequendy is converted to light olefins, then heavier olefins, paraffins, and aromatics. In practice the ether formation and hydrocarbon formation reactions may be performed in separate stages to faciHtate heat removal. 

TaF has been characterized by ir, Raman, x-ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry (3,11,12). TaF has been used as a superacid catalyst for the conversion of CH to gasoline-range hydrocarbons (qv) (12) in the manufacture of fluoride glass and fluoride glass optical fiber preforms (13), and incorporated in semiconductor devices (14). TaF is also a catalyst for the Hquid-phase addition of HF to polychlorinated ethenes (15). The chemistry of TaF has been reviewed (1,16—19). Total commercial production for TaF is thought to be no more than a few hundred kilograms aimuaHy. 

Hydrocarbons from Synthesis Gas and Methanol. Two very important catalytic processes in which hydrocarbons are formed from synthesis gas are the Sasol Eischer-Tropsch process, in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from coal gasification are converted to gasoline and other products over an iron catalyst, and the Mobil MTG process, which converts methanol to gasoline range hydrocarbons using ZSM-5-type 2eohte catalysts. 

R P. DiSanzo, J. L. Lane and R. E. Yoder, Application of state-of-the-art multidimensional high resolution gas cliromatography for individual component analysis of gasoline range hydrocar bons , 7. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 206-209 (1988). 

R P. DiSanzo and V. J. Giarrocco, Analysis of pressurized gasoline-range liquid hydr O-car bon samples by capillar y column and PIONA analyzer gas chromatography , 7. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 258-266 (1988). 

Alkylation in petroleum processing produces larger hydrocarbon molecules in the gasoline range from smaller molecules. The products are branched hydrocarbons having high octane ratings. 

Resources, Conservation Recycling 23,No.3, 1998,p.l63-81 CATALYTIC PLASTICS CRACKING FOR RECOVERY OF GASOLINE-RANGE HYDROCARBONS FROM MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTES Buekens A G Huang H Brussels,Free University... 

Typical Mossbauer spectra for the fresh, reduced, carblded and used Fe/ZSM-5 system are shown in a composite Fig. 5. Similar spectra were obtained for the Fe-Co/ZSM-5 system. The product distribution for the F-T reaction, using the Fe and Fe-Co systems, are shown in Table 1. The gasoline range hydrocarbon yield increased from 75 to 94%, when the Fe-Co clusters were used in place of Fe only. In a typical CEMS (Conversion Electron Mossbauer Spectroscopy) of the Fe-Co system, no spectrum for 57pg vas observed even after one week from this. It was concluded that in the Fe-Co clusters Co was predominantly in the "mantle" and Fe species were In their "core," in the parlance of metallurgy/geophysics. This model Is sometimes referred to as the cherry model. 

Otsuka, K., Shigeta, Y., and Takenaka, S., Production of hydrogen from gasoline range alkanes with reduced C02 emission, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 27, 11, 2002. 

A recent development, which could lead to a reassessment of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction as a route to gasoline range product, is the announcement by Mobil of a direct route from methanol to hydrocarbons and water (101) ... 

---