Carbonization gas

Gas-Ban—simethicone, calcium carbonate Gas-Ban DS Liquid—aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone... 

These preliminary tests showed the process to be basically sound but left questions concerning, especially, electrode materials. For use in a carbonated gas environment, carbon elements would be unsuitable. At the cathode, carbon would be removed by ... 

Interesting results have been obtained using metallophthalocyanines supported on porous carbon gas diffusion electrodes.132-136 In the case of CoPc and NiPc, CO is formed with a current efficiency of almost 100%.135 With Sn, Pb, and In phthalocyanines, mainly HC02H is formed, while Cu and Ti phthalocyanines promote the formation of CH4. The reason why some metal Pc complexes give CO or CH4, while others yield HC02H, has been interpreted in terms of the electron configuration in the metal.137 A rather different type of reaction is the very recent demonstration of the simultaneous reduction of C02 and N02 to give urea (NH2)2CO, which can be achieved with an efficiency up to 40% at similar gas-diffusion electrode devices with a NiPc supported catalyst.138... 

Iliev I., Mrha J., Gamburzev S., Kaisheva A., On the effect of various active carbon catalysts on the behaviour of carbon gas-diffusion air electrodes, Journal Power Sources 1976/77 1 35-46. 

The Canadian government believes that carbon gas storage will help the country meet its emissions reduction targets under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. It requires industrialized nations to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5% between 2008 and 2012. 

A consortium of eight partners, including Canada, the United States, the European Union and BP (formerly British Petroleum) have a 25-million project to explore new technology to capture and store carbon gas. 

For biodegradation to occur, everything that bacteria require for growth and reproduction must be available in the microenvironment in the immediate vicinity of the bacterium. The soil-aquifer system must provide water, attachment medium, a source of carbon, gas exchange, electron acceptor compounds, and nutrients. If any of the required items is not available, bacterial functions will be reduced or cease. 

From an order-of-magnitude analysis, when the mean-free path of a molecule is less than 0.01 times the pore radius, bulk diffusion dominates, and when it is greater than 10 times the pore radius, Knudsen diffusion dominates. This means that Knudsen diffusion is significant when the pore radius is less than about 0.5 fim. For reference, a typical carbon gas-diffusion layer has pores between 0.5 and 20 /rm22 229 in radius, and a microporous layer contains pores between 0.05 and 2 Thus, while Knudsen... 

Another way to increase Earth s ability to store carbon is by creating new, artificial carbon sinks that would trap excess carbon gas produced by human activity before it enters the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide would be collected and placed in a new location for controllable, long-term storage. Scientists have already experimented with two new carbon sink locations, one deep in the ocean, the other underground. In each case, carbon is forcefully injected into its new reservoir for long-term storage. 

Mikhailenko, V. I. Improved optical acoustic gas analyser for determination of carbon dioxide in carbonation gas. Sakharn. Prom. 1963, 20. — Anal. Abstr. 13, 1507... 

Balanced Alkali is a proprietary chemical of Eastman Kodak, and until recently it was known as Kodalk . Balanced Alkali is more alkaline than borax and more easily soluble, but less alkaline than carbonate. As Balanced Alkali contains no free carbonate, there is no danger of carbonic gas bubbles being formed when an acid stop bath is used (see the next section, Moderate Alkalis). Balanced Alkali can be substituted for carbonate (Conversion Tables Alkali Substitutions), and for almost all purposes it is identical to sodium metaborate. 

Carbonate has one important drawback. When a large amount is used carbonic gas bubbles can form in the emulsion of either film or paper when transferred to an acetic stop bath, resulting in pinholes and/or reticulation. Using a less acid stop bath, such as Kodak SB-1 Nonhardening Stop Bath or a running water bath, should prevent this from occurring. 

Shapoval V.V., Kushkov H.B., Novoselova I.A. (1987) Electroreduction of Carbonic Gas under Excessive Pressure in the Equimolar Melt KCl-NaCl. Russian J. Electrochem. 23 (7), 952-956. 

Novoselova I.A. (1988) High Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbides under Excessive Pressure of Carbonic Gas. Institute of General Inorganic Chemistry, Kiev, Ukraine, PhD thesis. 

These ultrasound contrast agents consist of pie-formed bubbles that are either lipid (Definity ) or human serum albumin (Optison ) shells filled with the perfluoro-carbon gas (Perflutren). 

The magnitude of carbon loss that is observed is of some concern, since at 1000 minutes, which is only 16 hours, the Vulcan XC-72R shows a weight loss of 7 % at open-circuit values. It was found that at the highest potentials for studying the corrosion of the carbons, gas evolution within the porous electrode structure was distorting the data. 

---