Carbon monoxide production

The lower temperatures and reduced degree of oxygen starvation in LPO (vs VPO) generally reduce carbon monoxide production markedly by promoting reaction 18 and suppressing reaction 21. As a consequence, acids, from further oxidation of aldehydes, are usually the main products. 

The carbon monoxide concentration of gas streams is a function of many parameters. In general, increased carbon monoxide concentration is found with an increase in the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio in the feed hydrocarbon a decrease in the steam-to-feed-carbon ratio increase in the synthesis gas exit temperature and avoidance of reequiUbration of the gas stream at a temperature lower than the synthesis temperature. Specific improvement in carbon monoxide production by steam reformers is made by recycling by-product carbon dioxide to the process feed inlet of the reformer (83,84). This increases the relative carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of the feed and raises the equiUbrium carbon monoxide concentration of the effluent. 

The carbon monoxide product is removed from the top of the column and warmed against recycled high pressure product. The warm low pressure stream is compressed, and the bulk of it is recycled to the system for process use as a reboder medium and as the reflux to the carbon monoxide column the balance is removed as product. The main impurity in the stream is nitrogen from the feed gas. Carbon monoxide purities of 99.8% are commonly obtained from nitrogen-free feedstocks. 

Hydrogen and carbon monoxide product yield increases with increased temperature, decreased pressure, and decreased oxygen in the feed. 

Jones, R.D., and Amador, J.A. (1993) Methane and carbon monoxide production, oxidation and turnover times in the Caribbean Sea as influenced by the Orinoco river. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 2353-2359. 

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) In flexible PVC, the partial replacement of antimony oxide with the zinc borate cannot only display synergy in flammability test performance but also results in dramatic smoke reduction.56 This synergy can be more dramatic when used in conjunction with ATH or magnesium hydroxide (MDH) (Figures 9.4 through 9.6). A recent Cone Calorimeter study49 showed that, in flexible PVC, the partial replacement of antimony with the zinc borate could reduce both the HRR and carbon monoxide production drastically at a... 

Fang, Z.X., Eger, E.I., Laster, M.J., Chortkoff, B.S., Kandel, L., lonescu, P. (1995). Carbon monoxide production from degradation of desflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and sevoflurane by soda lime and Baralyme (see comment). Anesth. Analg. 80 1187-93. 

Moon, R.E., Sparacino, C., Meyer, A.F. (1992). Pathogenesis of carbon monoxide production in anesthesia circuits. Anesthesiology 77 A1061. 

Carbon monoxide production technologies , KTI Newsletter (Winter 1987). 

Di Santi M., Mumma M., Russo N., and Magee-Saver K. (2001) Carbon monoxide production and excitation in comet C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp) Isolation of nature and distributed CO sources. Icarus 153, 361-390. 

A representative comparison of the effect of the catalyst bed geometry on methane conversion and product selectivity over a range of methane/air ratios is shown in Fig 4 Unlike typical supported catalysts, where the catalyst is well-dispersed and submicrometer-sized, the noble-metal catalysts in these methane oxidation reactions were basically films with micrometer-sized surface features (Other tests on both extruded cordiente and alumina foam monoliths with lower catalyst loading resulted in similar carbon monoxide production but lower hydrogen yields than those illustrated in the figure, which provided evidence that the reaction is catalyst-dependent and not initiated by the monoliths or gas... 

These compounds serve as flame retardants because the relatively weak carbon-bromine bonds in them are readily broken when heated. Thermal energy releases bromine radicals that couple with carbon radicals produced in fires to decrease flame sizes, thereby reducing heat and lowering carbon monoxide production. 15 They are similar in structure to PCBs and are resistant to environmental degradation. 

Berk PD, Rodkey FL, Biaschke TF, Collison HA, Waggoner JG. Comparison of plasma bihrubin turnover and carbon monoxide production in man. J Lab Clin Med 1974 83 29-36. 

Lundh B, CavaUin-Stahl E, Mercke C. Heme catabo-hsm, carbon monoxide production and red cell survival in anaemia. Acta Med Scand 1975 197 161-71. 

For methane rich feeds, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide production increased with increasing oxygen partial pressure (Figure 3b). 

While attempting to produce oxygenated derivatives by the catalytic oxidation of methane, Layng and Soukup 18 obtained some interesting results by the use of nitrogen dioxide as a catalyst. The best results of their reported experiments from the standpoint of hydrogen and.carbon monoxide production are given in Table XVI. 

There still stands valid for platinum alloys the two metals that are able to promote methanol oxidation are ruthenium and tin. The case of ruthenium is interesting since it was also studied under UHV conditions [43,44]. The reaction of methanol on Pt/Ru alloys results in the production of carbon dioxide at lower potentials than on pure platinum. However, the presence of tin in Pt3Sn alloys only enhances methanol oxidation at low potentials, increasing carbon dioxide production (and diminishing carbon monoxide production) [45]. The addition of tin (II) ions to previously adsorbed methanol produces a fast oxidation process, demonstrated by DEMS experiments [46]. 

Oxygenated fuel containing 15% by voliune MTBE was introduced in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA in mid-October, 1992 as a measure to reduce the high carbon monoxide production in that area (TWA of 10.3 mg CO/m over an 8 h period). By late November 1992 more than 150 people had reported symptoms, such as headache, nausea and eye, nose and throat irritation, to a local hothne and the sale of oxygenated fuel was discontinued by mid-December... 

Hanst, P. L., J. W. Spence, and O. Edney (1980). Carbon monoxide production in photooxidation of organic molecules in the air. Atmos. Environm. 14, 1077-1088. 

Carbon monoxide production. Economic data (Francp conditions, mid-1986)... 

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