Gas analysis equipment

One of several different types of flue-gas analysis equipment (such as electronic, Fyrite, or Or sat types). They are used to determine boiler fuel combustion efficiency. 

The CFB gasifier test facility is an atmospheric air-blown installation and consists of four main parts (1) Feeding system (2) Primary and secondary air supply (3) Gasifier vessel equipped with a cyclone and a particle recirculation system (4) Gas analysis equipment. 

The measurements on the research facility were carried out at stationary or quasi stationary conditions. The measurements of air flows, gas temperatures, gas composition, and heat output were analysed continously and monitored online. The gas composition was analyzed in the flue gas after the boiler exit with industrial gas analyzers. For the analysis of the hot gas in the reduction zone a suction pyrometer combined with a probe for detection was used. With this probe also short fluctuations could be monitored with extremely short delay. Besides, a hot gas sampling line with different analyzers for measuring the gas in the reburn zone was installed. Table 2 gives on overview over the gas analysis equipment. 

Table 2 Gas analysis equipment for the measurements on the research facility. 

The lowest possible concentration range is a critical point in dosing pump/vaporizer solutions. The presently available pumps, in the lowest range, transport approximately 10 10 — 100 10 CCM, which, after vaporization, correlates to a gas standard volumetric flow rate of 10-100 SCCM. The lowest mole fraction range is ll o at a total standard volumetric flow rate of 1 SLM (a typical value for gas analysis equipment). 

Figure 11. Evolved gas analysis equipment containing FUR and oxygen analyzers...

HEPA filters can be tested with different methods. A wide range of test equipment for on-site measurements include particle counters, pressure gauges, airflow meters, energy data loggers, corrosion monitors and gas analysis equipment. One of the tests is the measurement of penetration of dispersed oil particles (DOP) through the HEPA filters. DOP used to be the abbreviation of DiOctylPhtalate, which however has been replaced by safer products. 

Laboratory experiments using rodents, or the use of gas analysis, tend to be confused by the dominant variable of fuel—air ratio as well as important effects of burning configuration, heat input, equipment design, and toxicity criteria used, ie, death vs incapacitation, time to death, lethal concentration, etc (154,155). Some comparisons of polyurethane foam combustion toxicity with and without phosphoms flame retardants show no consistent positive or negative effect. Moreover, data from small-scale tests have doubtful relevance to real fine ha2ards. 

Figure 10.4 shows a schematic representation of the multidimensional GC-IRMS System developed by Nitz et al. (27). The performance of this system is demonstrated with an application from the field of flavour analysis. A Siemens SiChromat 2-8 double-oven gas chromatograph equipped with two FIDs, a live-T switching device and two capillary columns was coupled on-line with a triple-collector (masses 44,45 and 46) isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a high efficiency combustion furnace. The column eluate could be directed either to FID3 or to the MS by means of a modified Deans switching system . 

Most combustion equipment is not controlled by means of a feedback from flue gas analysis but is preset at the time of commissioning and preferably checked and reset at intervals as part of a planned maintenance schedule. It is difficult to set the burner for optimum efficiency at all firing rates and some compromise is necessary, depending on the control valves used and the control mode (e.g. on/off, fully modulating, etc.). 

The catalyst testing was carried out in a gas phase downflow stainless steel tubular reactor with on-line gas analysis using a Model 5890 Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with heated in-line automated Valeo sampling valves and a CP-sD 5 or CP-sil 13 capillary WCOT colunm. GC/MS analyses of condensable products, especially with respect to O-isotopic distribution, was also carried out using a CP-sil 13 capillary column. For analysis of chiral compounds, a Chirasil-CD capillary fused silica column was employed. 

GC analysis for methanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, pyrrolidine, N-methylpyrrolidine, 2-pynolidinone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, gamma-butrolactone, dimethylsuccinate, and N-butyl-2-pyrrolidinone was performed with a Hewlett-Packard Model 5890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a 30-meter, 0.53 mm I.D., 0.50-micron film, Nukol capillary column (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) and a flame ionization detector (FID). 

The reaction mixtures of isophorone were analysed with a gas chromatograph. The GC analyses were carried out with gas chromatograph equipped with a p-cyclodextrine capillary column (analysis temperature dihydroisophorone at 110 °C) and FID. The chromatograms were recorded and peak areas were calculated with Chromatography Station for Windows CSW32 v. 1.2 (DataApex Ltd. 2001, Prague). 

The minor (R,S) diastereomer is present in the crude reaction mixture to the extent of approximately 0.9% as determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatographic analysis performed on a Hewlett-Packard 5790A gas chromatograph equipped with a Hewlett-Packard 3390A integrator and HP-1 methylsilicone gum column (25 m x 0.2 mm x 0.33 pm film thickness). The checkers found that HPLC analysis (Zorbax SB-Phenyl column 25 cm x 4.6 mm, 40 60 MeCN/0.1% aqueous phorphoric acid, 1.5 mL/min, 250 nm detection) provided satisfactory resolution of the R,R- and R,S-diastereomers. The minor diastereomer is hardly discernible by 1H NMR (500 MHz) after purification by flash chromatography. 

Sample collection and preparation for the analysis of 1,2-dibromoethane in foods includes the purge-and-trap method, headspace gas analysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and steam distillation (Alleman et al. 1986 Anderson et al. 1985 Bielorai and Alumot 1965, 1966 Cairns et al. 1984 Clower et al. 1985 Pranoto-Soetardhi et al. 1986 Scudamore 1985). GC equipped with either ECD or HECD is the technique used for measuring 1,2-dibromoethane in foodstuffs at ppt levels (Clower et al. 1985 Entz and Hollifield 1982 Heikes and Hopper 1986 Page et al. 1987 Van Rillaer and Beernaert 1985). 

For gas chromatography analysis, samples were spiked with 2-methyl-naphthalene as an internal standard. Samples were analyzed using a Shimadzu GC-17A series gas chromatograph equipped with RTX-5 column, 15 m (length) 0.25 mm (i.d.) and 0.25 pm (film thickness). The initial column temperature was 70 °C and temperature was increased at 20 °C min 300 °C, and column temperature was held for 13 min. Retention times R naphthalene, 3.2 min 2-methyl-naphthalene, internal standard, 4.09 min 1-tetralone, 4.7 min menadione, 5.68 min 1-naphthol, 5.7 min 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, 6.1 min and 2-methy 1-4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, 6.18,6.27,6.3 and 6.4 min. 

Gas chromatographic data was obtained on a Tracor Model 220 gas chromatograph equipped with a Varian Model 8000 autosampler. The analysis column was a 1.7 m "U column, 4 mm id, filled with 3% SP-2250 packing (Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) held at 200 C. The injection temperature was 250 and the nitrogen carrier gas flow rate was 60 mL/min. The detector temperatures were 350 for electron capture and 190 for flame photometric. Detector signals were processed by a Varian Vista 401 which gave retention times and peak areas. 

The gases exiting the reactor pass through a Beckman 565 infrared CO2 analyzer, which continuously monitored the production of carbon dioxide. Gas composition analysis was performed on-line using a Hewlett Packard 5890 II gas chromatograph, equipped with both a thermal conductivity and a flame ionization detector and a Porapak-Q column. Additional experimental details are given elsewhere (9). 

A calibration standard was prepared by concentrating the solution containing 60 mg oil, 0.2 mg ethyl heptanoate and 160 ml pentane to the equivalent volume (ca. 0.2 ml). A Perkin - Elmer Sigma 2B gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used for analysis. The gas chromatographic conditions were as follows ... 

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