Fuel thermal power output

Karatzas et al. [34] performed autothermal reforming of tet-radecane, low sulfur, and Fischer-Tropsch diesel in a monolithic reformer over rhodium/ceria/lanthana catalyst. The reformer had a thermal power output of 14 kW. It was composed of an inert zirconia-coated alumina foam for feed distribution at the reactor inlet and two 400 cpsi cordierite monoliths coated with the catalyst switched in series. At an O/C ratio of 0.45, a S/C ratio of 2.5 and temperatures exceeding 740°C, full conversion of the low sulfur feed was achieved, while the formation of the byproduct ethylene was between 100 and 200 ppm. As shown in Figure 14.7, an increasing S/C ratio suppresses ethylene formation. The catalyst showed stable performance for 40 h duration. Karatzas et al. [44] determined experimentally as shown in Figure 14.8 that the efficiency of their ATR increased with increasing fuel inlet temperature and O/C ratio. 

One is the DACHS combined heat and power system developed by the German company SenerTec. The device has an electrical power output of 5.5 kWei, a thermal power output of 12.5 kWth, a high electrical efficiency of 25%, while the thermal efficiency is about 65%. The overall efficiency is therefore high at 90%. It has a size of 1.06-m length, 0.72-m width and 1-m height, a weight of 5 20 kg and noise emissions of less than 56 dB. Possible fuels are natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, bio-diesel and diesel. 

Figure 9.23 Fuel processor thermal power output, fuel cell electrical power output and CO content of the reformate as determined by Mathiak et al. for a 1-WVei fuel processor/fuel cell system [433].

Vaillant developed a multi-family home fuel cell system, along with the US company Plug Power, with an electric power output of between 1.5 and 4.5kWei. The thermal power output is in the range from 1.5 to 7.0 kWth- The system uses PEM fuel cell technology and a fuel processor and has an electrical efficiency of 35%, while the overall efficiency amounts to 85%. So far 60 fuel cell systems have already been installed for field trials. By the end of 2006 1000 000 kWh of electricity had been produced by these systems [605] (Figure 9.29). 

One of the first activities with the establishment of the safe enclosure was the disassembly of the reactor of the bum-up measurement facility. This was a graphite-moderated, air-cooled reactor with strip-shaped fuel elements made of an aluminium uranium alloy. The reactor contained 3.9 kg of high-enriched uranium (93% U-235), the thermal power output was 500 W. Because of the highly cramped conditions, the acceptable dose level and the limited number of fuel stripes, the decommissioning was executed almost exclusively manually. To reduce the collective dose of the personnel, an extensive training with a 1 1 scale mock-up was carried out prior to decommissioning. The removed fuel elements were put into special baskets and were shipped to the interim storage facility BZA in two CASTOR THTR/AVR casks. 

Design and construct a propane-fueled, catalytic honeycomb combustor to be used in an upscale prototype of a micro-gas-turbine power generation unit, and experimentally assess the thermal power output achieved. 

Fig. 5.4 Fuel conversion (open symbols) and thermal power output (closed symbols) versus inlet velocity. Thermal power output is computed for a channel of 1 mm cross-section...

A combination of reduced catalytic reactivity and short residence times at the low inlet pressures are, to a certain extent, responsible for the significant efficiency differences between operating pressures at constant mass inflows. However, for all cases considered in this work, the maximum combustor efficiency observed was 85%, which indicates that heat losses to the surroundings and potential fuel breakthrough can further reduce the thermal power output of the combustor. 

While at steady state in both cases the same thermal power output is achieved (> 99.99% fuel conversion), in Case 5 (cordieritc) a smaller amount of energy is stored in the reactor wall as sensible heat. By integrating the Pacc curves in Fig. 8.10 until it is deduced that for cordierite 11.8 J are required to raise the... 

Values in the Reduced Electrical Power Range/Options column represent ranges of values to evaluate reduced power operations. One JIMO level 2 requirement, from JPL Document 982-00115, Revision 2, Prometheus Project Multi-mission Project Derived Requirements , dated July 15,2005, is the project shall use a nuclear reactor whose thermal power output is adjustable to allow long-term operation at any reactor level down to the minimum of full power output required to support the minimum required electrical power. A reduced power mode may be used when electrical demand is reduced for long periods of time. The period of reduced electric demand may allow reactor power and/or temperature to be reduced, which allows fuel and clad temperature reduction (increased creep life) and burn up reduction (increased core life). The reduced power options are further discussed in Section 8, Operational Strategy . 

The turbine firing temperature, whieh affeets the life, power output, as well as the overall thermal effieieney of the turbine, must be ealeulated very aeeurately. To ensure the aeeuraey of this ealeulation, the turbine firing temperature is eomputed using two teehniques. These teehniques are based firstly on the fuel heat input and seeondly on the turbine heat balanee. Turbine expander effieieneies are eomputed and deterioration noted. 

Electrical power output Heat output (normal load) (with supplementary firing) Gas fuel energy supply Thermal efficiency... 

Thermal power plant is more commonly associated with very large central power stations. The capital cost for thermal power plant, in terms of cost per installed kilowatt of electrical generating capacity, rises sharply for outputs of less than some 15 MW. It is for this reason that thermal power plant is not usually considered for industrial applications unless it is the combined cycle or combined heat and power modes. However, for cases where the fuel is of very low cost (for example, a waste product from a process such as wood waste), then the thermal power plant, depending on output, can offer an excellent choice, as its higher initial capital cost can be offset against lower running costs. This section introduces the thermal power cycle for electrical generation only. 

Having now determined to total amount of nuclear electricity required, the thorium fuel input to the energy amplifiers can be calculated from the design data of Rubbia and Rubio (1996). The thermal output from the prototype design reactor is 1500 MW, with a fuel amount of 27.6 t in the reactor (Fig. 5.42). The fuel will sit in the reactor heat-generating unit for 5 years, after which the "spent" fuel will be reprocessed to allow for manufacture of a new fuel load with only 2.9 t of fresh thorium oxide supply. This means that 2.6/5 t y of thorium fuel is required for delivery of 5 x 1500 MWy of thermal power over 5 years, or 675 MWy of electric power, of which the 75 MWy is used for powering the accelerator and other in-plant loads. The bottom line is that 1 kg of thorium fuel produces very close to 1 MWy of electric power, and 1 kt thorium produces close to 1 TWh. ... 

Thermal output was influenced by the fuel caloric value. When adjusting the thermal power for equivalent combustion rates, coal produced the highest thermal output of 41kW, while woody biomass had a maximum thermal power of only 29 kW for bark. This could be attributed to the higher moisture contents and lower carbon content of biofuels. 

Qf[M. Qh [fdW] Fuel input power (Q Jand to thermal output power Quj... 

Utilization of thermal energy in a combustion turbine exhaust stream significantly enhances fuel efficiency. Maintenance costs per unit of power output for combustion turbines are among the lowest of all... 

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