Thermal power output

Figure 24.11 Combined diesel steam reformer-anode off-gas burner designed for2000W thermal power output ofthe hydrogen product [27].

Karatzas et al. [34] performed autothermal reforming of tet-radecane, low sulfur, and Fischer-Tropsch diesel in a monolithic reformer over rhodium/ceria/lanthana catalyst. The reformer had a thermal power output of 14 kW. It was composed of an inert zirconia-coated alumina foam for feed distribution at the reactor inlet and two 400 cpsi cordierite monoliths coated with the catalyst switched in series. At an O/C ratio of 0.45, a S/C ratio of 2.5 and temperatures exceeding 740°C, full conversion of the low sulfur feed was achieved, while the formation of the byproduct ethylene was between 100 and 200 ppm. As shown in Figure 14.7, an increasing S/C ratio suppresses ethylene formation. The catalyst showed stable performance for 40 h duration. Karatzas et al. [44] determined experimentally as shown in Figure 14.8 that the efficiency of their ATR increased with increasing fuel inlet temperature and O/C ratio. 

The LSPR is a long-life small reactor, in which the thermal power output is 150 MW and the coolant output temperature is nearly 800 K. It can be used for many applications. Current plans are to use it for electricity generation and co-generation including district heating, seawater desalination, hydrogen production, process steam production, or a combination thereof... 

One is the DACHS combined heat and power system developed by the German company SenerTec. The device has an electrical power output of 5.5 kWei, a thermal power output of 12.5 kWth, a high electrical efficiency of 25%, while the thermal efficiency is about 65%. The overall efficiency is therefore high at 90%. It has a size of 1.06-m length, 0.72-m width and 1-m height, a weight of 5 20 kg and noise emissions of less than 56 dB. Possible fuels are natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, bio-diesel and diesel. 

Rampe et al. developed a monolithic autothermal propane reformer with feed gas pre-heating functions (see Figure 7.4). The reactor had a thermal power output of up to 1.7kW while the volume of the monohth was 283 cm [151]. The reactor was operated at a high O/C ratio of 1.33, and S/C ratio of 1.0. 

Figure 9.23 Fuel processor thermal power output, fuel cell electrical power output and CO content of the reformate as determined by Mathiak et al. for a 1-WVei fuel processor/fuel cell system [433].

Vaillant developed a multi-family home fuel cell system, along with the US company Plug Power, with an electric power output of between 1.5 and 4.5kWei. The thermal power output is in the range from 1.5 to 7.0 kWth- The system uses PEM fuel cell technology and a fuel processor and has an electrical efficiency of 35%, while the overall efficiency amounts to 85%. So far 60 fuel cell systems have already been installed for field trials. By the end of 2006 1000 000 kWh of electricity had been produced by these systems [605] (Figure 9.29). 

One of the first activities with the establishment of the safe enclosure was the disassembly of the reactor of the bum-up measurement facility. This was a graphite-moderated, air-cooled reactor with strip-shaped fuel elements made of an aluminium uranium alloy. The reactor contained 3.9 kg of high-enriched uranium (93% U-235), the thermal power output was 500 W. Because of the highly cramped conditions, the acceptable dose level and the limited number of fuel stripes, the decommissioning was executed almost exclusively manually. To reduce the collective dose of the personnel, an extensive training with a 1 1 scale mock-up was carried out prior to decommissioning. The removed fuel elements were put into special baskets and were shipped to the interim storage facility BZA in two CASTOR THTR/AVR casks. 

The unit of energy in both cases is the megawatt. The abbreviations MWe and M Wt are used where it is necessary to distinguish between electrical and thermal power output. 

The case defined by the relation (3) occurs, when the thermal power output by the source to the district heating network is less, than the demand of consumers. Then the thermal power deficit occurs. On the other hand, a case described by formula (4) takes place when the network parameters control is not correct and returning water from the district heating network has a higher temperature than it should be according to the thermal power control charts (Babiarz B. 2014). This involves an indirect threat, which, in the case of simultaneous occurrence of several factors having influence on the heat load, can cause significant social and economic losses. 

The proposed General Electric S-PRISM sodium-cooled fast reactor has a thermal power output of 1000 MW(t), with an electric power output of 380 MW(e). The same size reactor vessel with the same basic type of passive decay-heat-cooling system and similar system configuration can potentially... 

Because heat pipes do not require any external force to operate, a truly passive nuclear heat source without engineered moving parts can be achieved. This passive system will have a thermal power output 4 times higher than if cooled by gas flowing at the core/reflector boundary. 

Another important property of the reactor is its reactivity behavior with changes of the thermal power output. In Table VI the essential parameters are listed for a few power levels (calculated values). 

Design and construct a propane-fueled, catalytic honeycomb combustor to be used in an upscale prototype of a micro-gas-turbine power generation unit, and experimentally assess the thermal power output achieved. 

Chapter 2 introduces the experimental methodology of in situ Raman spectroscopy of major gas-phase combustion species and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) of the OH radical, which were employed in an optically accessible, channel-flow, catalytic reactor to study the hetero-Zhomogeneous combustion of propane on platinum imder conditions pertinent to micro-gas-turbines. Moreover, a high-pressme test rig used in evaluating the thermal power output of a mesoscale catalytic honeycomb bmner is presented. 

Fig. 5.4 Fuel conversion (open symbols) and thermal power output (closed symbols) versus inlet velocity. Thermal power output is computed for a channel of 1 mm cross-section...

Fig. 5.7 Combustor thermal power output versus mass throughput deduced from measurements piN = 2 and 3 bar (closed and open symbols), = 600 and 700 K (black and gray symbols) and

Fig. 5.8 Thermal power output versus mass throughput, measured for an equivalence ratio

Measured operational maps of thermal power output versus mass inflow, such as the one provided in Fig. 5.7, were constructed based on efihciency measurements for various sets of inlet pressure, temperature and mixmre composition. These maps... 

A combination of reduced catalytic reactivity and short residence times at the low inlet pressures are, to a certain extent, responsible for the significant efficiency differences between operating pressures at constant mass inflows. However, for all cases considered in this work, the maximum combustor efficiency observed was 85%, which indicates that heat losses to the surroundings and potential fuel breakthrough can further reduce the thermal power output of the combustor. 

While at steady state in both cases the same thermal power output is achieved (> 99.99% fuel conversion), in Case 5 (cordieritc) a smaller amount of energy is stored in the reactor wall as sensible heat. By integrating the Pacc curves in Fig. 8.10 until it is deduced that for cordierite 11.8 J are required to raise the... 

Values in the Reduced Electrical Power Range/Options column represent ranges of values to evaluate reduced power operations. One JIMO level 2 requirement, from JPL Document 982-00115, Revision 2, Prometheus Project Multi-mission Project Derived Requirements , dated July 15,2005, is the project shall use a nuclear reactor whose thermal power output is adjustable to allow long-term operation at any reactor level down to the minimum of full power output required to support the minimum required electrical power. A reduced power mode may be used when electrical demand is reduced for long periods of time. The period of reduced electric demand may allow reactor power and/or temperature to be reduced, which allows fuel and clad temperature reduction (increased creep life) and burn up reduction (increased core life). The reduced power options are further discussed in Section 8, Operational Strategy . 

The Project shali use a nuclear reactor whose thermal power output is adjustable to allow long-term operation at any reactor power level down to [30%] of full power output... 

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