Fuels propane

Physica.1 Properties. Carbonyl sulfide [463-58-1] (carbon oxysulfide), COS, is a colorless gas that is odorless when pure however, it has been described as having a foul odor. Physical constants and thermodynamic properties are Hsted ia Table 1 (17,18). The vapor pressure has been fitted to an equation, and a detailed study has been made of the phase equiUbria of the carbonyl sulfide—propane system, which is important ia the purification of propane fuel (19,20). Carbonyl sulfide can be adsorbed on molecular sieves (qv) as a means for removal from propane (21). This approach has been compared to the use of various solvents and reagents (22). 

Appearance of the flame propagating in an axially decreasing vortex flow in a tube (fuel propane, fuel concentration 7.7%, tube 31 nun in inner diameter and 1000mm long, injector 4 slits of 2mm x 20mm, mean axial velocity 3m/s). 

The existence of the vortex core can be observed in a very special case. Figure 4.2.9 exhibits a Schlieren sequence of vortex ring combustion of pure fuel. In this case, propane fuel was ejected through an orifice into an open air, and the vortex ring was ignited by an electric spark at the bottom. Although the boundary... 

The development of models for HCSI combustion has been governed by the similarity of flame growth in HCSI engines and premixed turbulent flames. Thin laser-sheets of only 300 pm thickness were used to measure high-resolution cross sections of the temperature and OH radical distribution in flames of a propane-fueled engine. Figure 8.2.3 illustrates the structure where temperature and OH concentration are closely coupled with super equilibrium values for the OH radical close to the flame front [11]. 

Planar images obtained with laser-based imaging techniques in a propane-fueled research engine showing how closely coupled hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration is with temperature. (From Orth, A., Sick, V., Wolfrum, J., Maly, R.R., and Zahn, M., Proc. Combust. Inst., 25,143,1994. With permission.)... 

The previous discussion has focused on the properties of perovskite materials rather than on their performance as anodes. The number of actual fuel-cell studies is more limited, but this literature has been reviewed recently by Irvine. Various perovskites have been investigated as potential SOFC anode materials however, these early efforts were hampered by low electrochemical activity toward methane oxidation,poor anode structure,or insufficient electrode conductivity. Most recently, Tao and Irvine demonstrated that an anode based on (Lao.75Sro.25)o.9Cro.5Mno.503 can provide reasonable power densities at 1173 K in 3% humidified CH4. Barnett and co-workers also reported stable power generation with methane and propane fuels on an anode based on LaCr03 however, they reported that the addition of Ni, in levels too small to affect the conductivity, was crucial in providing activity for the electrochemical oxidation reactions. 

For a comparison of these equations, we may assume a fuel-air ratio and inlet ambient temperature and use an accepted activation energy of 30,500 cal. per gram-mole for propane fuel burning with air (Table I). Having an inlet temperature and the fuel-air... 

Propane is stored underpressure to keep it liquid. Unlike LNG, propane does not need anything other than a modest pressure to keep it liquefied. The tanks that store propane are pressure vessels, but since they can be made from low-carbon steel their price is modest compared to CNG and LNG tanks. The propane is vaporized in a device called the converter that lowers the pressure of the propane to vaporize it. The converter also uses engine coolant to warm the propane to ensure that it is completely vaporized when it passes on to the mixer. As its name suggests, the mixer mixes the propane and air in the desired ratio before it enters the engine. Other controls and compensation for temperature are included in the propane fuel system. Propane fuel systems can also incorporate feedback control to work with three-way catalyst emission control systems. 

The vast majority of propane fuel systems used on light-duty vehicles to date have been of the mechanical-control type that meter propane in proportion to the amount of air used by the engine (air-valve and venturi-type mixers ). While these systems work well, their capabilities have been overshadowed by gasoline fuel injection systems and often lag behind gasoline systems in terms of acceleration, driveability, and cold-start performance. Chrysler Canada and one European equipment manufacturer offer liquid propane injection systems that are direct analogs to gasoline port fuel injection systems. These systems should have inherent performance advantages compared to the vaporized propane fuel systems. 

For vaporized propane fuel systems, propane enters the engine as a gas instead of part liquid and part gas as gasoline does. By entering the engine fully vaporized, some air that could otherwise be used for combustion is displaced. Therefore, theoretically, propane vehicles should have lower power and slower acceleration than their gasoline counterparts, especially in bifuel11 configuration. In practice,... 

Data are not widely available, but it is likely that liquid propane fuel systems should have improved vehicle acceleration relative to vaporized propane fuel systems. Vaporization of the propane would occur right in the intake port, cooling the intake air and regaining some of the volumetric efficiency loss that fully vaporized propane systems experience. More precise control of propane metering, especially during acceleration, should also improve vehicle acceleration performance. Such propane fuel systems should also have excellent driveability and cold-start performance the same or better than gasoline vehicles. 

Hosing is typically used to transfer propane after it has been vaporized, e.g., between the vaporizer and the mixer unit of the vehicular propane fuel system. 

LP gas, or propane, is the alternative fuel used in highest volume in the U.S. at present. Propane is unique among alternative fuels in that it is a pressurized liquid, i.e., a modest pressure (under 43.5 kPa [300 psi]) will maintain it in the liquid state. Propane fuel tanks must thus be built to pressure vessel codes like CNG and LNG tanks, but propane is transferred using pumps because pressure differentials are low and the pressure cannot be manipulated as it can for LNG. Propane is sometimes stored in refrigerated containers which lowers the storage pressure significantly, though such containers are rarely if ever used to store propane intended for use in vehicles. 

Propane Fuel—Results and Discussion. Onuma (12) showed that in a kerosene spray flame, there is no evidence of droplet burning. The vapor cloud formed by evaporation of the droplets bums like a turbulent diffusion flame. A close relationship between kerosene spray flame and gaseous diffusion flames (using propane as the fuel) was provided. The results reported in this section are those obtained from the modulated swirl combustor using propane as the fuel. 

Figure 9. Boundaries of the internal recirculation region in the modulated swirl combustor—propane fuel...

Figure 11. Radial distribution of species concentration in the no-ring and ring modes of combustion—propane fuel...

Table 1 Axial Temperature Profiles Through Variable-Geometry Monolith Catalyst (Pt) Bed with Natural Gas and Propane Fuels...

Forklift energy sources (e.g., hot brake pads, battery failure, electrical system ilure, collision, etc.) Hydraulic oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, propane fuel Irradiated isotope production target shielding casks are not combustible but heat of a tire could pressurize the target Some forklifts in HCF are electric so no fiiels present... 

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