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Thermal fuel

The techniques used to convert polymer granules to final products are well established, and the main inputs are electricity, thermal fuels, and cooling water. Table 3.3 gives values of these parameters for a selection of processes. At the conversion stage various additives and fillers are usually incorporated into the product. In Table 3.3 these are included in the column headed resin. [Pg.132]

Polymer Product Process Resin (kg) Electricity (MJ) Thermal Fuels (MJ) Water (kg)... [Pg.133]

As shown in Table 24.3, solar and wind, without the subsidies (incentive payments), are far from being competitive with the thermal fuel generation options. There needs to be a significant cost reduction in solar collectors for solar to become competitive without subsidies. Wind has essentially reached its optimum capital cost for the foreseeable future. [Pg.895]

These authors have calculated the improvement in reactivity due to the interaction of reaction products with the thermal fuel for the D-D, D-He, and p-B cycles. There are four physical processes that are usually neglected when the ash particles are considered to be gradually slowed down by small-angle collisions with the thermal distributions of electrons and fuel ions. [Pg.362]

Table 6.18.5 Contributions of thermal, fuel, and prompt NO to the total NO emissions. The values given for natural gas, heavy oil, and coal are related to combustion in power plants values for diesel oil and gasoline (road traffic) are given for comparison. Table 6.18.5 Contributions of thermal, fuel, and prompt NO to the total NO emissions. The values given for natural gas, heavy oil, and coal are related to combustion in power plants values for diesel oil and gasoline (road traffic) are given for comparison.
Fig. 3 Experimental setup that demonstrates the macroscopic expansion of the oriented fiber by lifting of a dime on the inclined plane of a Mettler hot stage (top). Expanded images collected at 25°C bottom left) and at 80°C bottom right) of the oriented fiber generated from the achiral polymer in Fig. la during lifting of 250-times its weight via thermally fueled unwinding of its helix at the cisoid-to-transoid transition. Reproduced with permission Irom [50]. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society... Fig. 3 Experimental setup that demonstrates the macroscopic expansion of the oriented fiber by lifting of a dime on the inclined plane of a Mettler hot stage (top). Expanded images collected at 25°C bottom left) and at 80°C bottom right) of the oriented fiber generated from the achiral polymer in Fig. la during lifting of 250-times its weight via thermally fueled unwinding of its helix at the cisoid-to-transoid transition. Reproduced with permission Irom [50]. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society...
The first attempts to include fuel cracking in thermal fuel pin calculations considered only solid pellets with cracks running radially outward 49). This material is assumed to have cracked homogeneously so that C7j = 0 everywhere. One way of approaching the problem is to calculate the initial crack widths from the temperature distribution and then... [Pg.89]

Thermal NO, is formed particularly at high temperatures. b. Fuel-bound NO. ... [Pg.306]

First of all, a technical clarification is necessary in the wider sense, motor fuels are chemical compounds, liquid or gas, which are burned in the presence of air to enable thermal engines to run gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels. The term heating fuel is reserved for the production of heat energy in boilers, furnaces, power plants, etc. [Pg.177]

Measuring the gross heating value (mass) is done in the laboratory using the ASTM D 240 procedure by combustion of the fuel sample under an oxygen atmosphere, in a bomb calorimeter surrounded by water. The thermal effects are calculated from the rise in temperature of the surrounding medium and the thermal characteristics of the apparatus. [Pg.180]

In the expression for heating value, it is useful to define the physical state of the motor fuel for conventional motor fuels such as gasoline, diesei fuel, and jet fuels, the liquid state is chosen most often as the reference. Nevertheless, if the material is already in its vapor state before entering the combustion system because of mechanical action like atomization or thermal effects such as preheating by exhaust gases, an increase of usefui energy resufts that is not previously taken into consideration. [Pg.184]

Fuel passing through certain hot zones of an aircraft can attain high temperatures moreover it is used to cool lubricants, hydraulic fluids, or air conditioning. It is therefore necessary to control the thermal stability of jet fuels, more particularly during supersonic flight where friction heat increases temperatures in the fuel tanks. [Pg.229]

The most common technique for estimating thermal stability is called the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Test (JFTOT). It shows the tendency of the fuel to form deposits on a metallic surface brought to high temperature. The sample passes under a pressure of 34.5 bar through a heated aluminum tube (260°C for Jet Al). After two and one-half hours, the pressure drop across a 17-micron filter placed at the outlet of the heater is measured (ASTM D 3241). [Pg.229]

This category comprises conventional LPG (commercial propane and butane), home-heating oil and heavy fuels. All these materials are used to produce thermal energy in equipment whose size varies widely from small heaters or gas stoves to refinery furnaces. Without describing the requirements in detail for each combustion system, we will give the main specifications for each of the different petroleum fuels. [Pg.232]

The visbreaking process thermally cracks atmospheric or vacuum residues. Conversion is limited by specifications for marine or Industrial fuel-oil stability and by the formation of coke deposits in equipment such as heaters and exchangers. [Pg.378]

Applied to atmospheric residue, its purpose is to produce maximum diesel oil and gasoline cuts while meeting viscosity and thermal stability specifications for industrial fuels. [Pg.378]

Sources of Thermal Energy The most common sources of thermal energy are flames and plasmas. Flame sources use the combustion of a fuel and an oxidant such as acetylene and air, to achieve temperatures of 2000-3400 K. Plasmas, which are hot, ionized gases, provide temperatures of 6000-10,000 K. [Pg.375]

Thermal energy in flame atomization is provided by the combustion of a fuel-oxidant mixture. Common fuels and oxidants and their normal temperature ranges are listed in Table 10.9. Of these, the air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames are used most frequently. Normally, the fuel and oxidant are mixed in an approximately stoichiometric ratio however, a fuel-rich mixture may be desirable for atoms that are easily oxidized. The most common design for the burner is the slot burner shown in Figure 10.38. This burner provides a long path length for monitoring absorbance and a stable flame. [Pg.413]

Steps. Thermal-swing cycles have at least two steps, adsorption and heating. A cooling step is also normally used after the heating step. A portion of the feed or product stream can be utilized for heating, or an independent fluid can be used. Easily condensable contaminants may be regenerated with noncondensable gases and recovered by condensation. Water-iminiscible solvents are stripped with steam, which may be condensed and separated from the solvent by decantation. Fuel and/or air may be used when the impurities are to be burned or incinerated. [Pg.279]

Potassium Chloride. The principal ore encountered in the U.S. and Canadian mines is sylvinite [12174-64-0] a mechanical mixture of KCl and NaCl. Three beneficiation methods used for producing fertilizer grades of KCl ate thermal dissolution, heavy media separation, and flotation (qv). The choice of method depends on factors such as grade and type of ore, local energy sources, amount of clay present, and local fuel and water availabiUty and costs. [Pg.232]

Physical Dilution. The flame retardant can also act as a thermal sink, increasing the heat capacity of the polymer or reducing the fuel content to a level below the lower limit of flammabiHty. Inert fillers such as glass fibers and microspheres and minerals such as talc act by this mechanism. [Pg.465]


See other pages where Thermal fuel is mentioned: [Pg.35]    [Pg.124]    [Pg.195]    [Pg.496]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.779]    [Pg.243]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.35]    [Pg.124]    [Pg.195]    [Pg.496]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.779]    [Pg.243]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.190]    [Pg.300]    [Pg.198]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.229]    [Pg.247]    [Pg.502]    [Pg.442]    [Pg.6]    [Pg.225]    [Pg.225]    [Pg.325]    [Pg.391]    [Pg.428]    [Pg.36]    [Pg.42]    [Pg.161]    [Pg.314]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.8 ]




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Aspects of Fuel Management in Thermal Reactors

Aviation fuel thermal stability

Fossil fuels thermal power plants

Fuel cell system considerations thermal management

Fuel thermal power output

Fuels thermal conductivity

Fuels via Thermal Biomass Conversion

Jet-Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester

Nuclear fuel cycle thermal reactor

One-Dimensional Fuel Cell Thermal Analysis Model

Petroleum fuels thermal conductivity

Petroleum fuels thermal expansion

Small fuel cells thermal management

Thermal conversion factor, fuel

Thermal cracking, fuels

Thermal plant electricity generation fuels

Thermal reactor fuels

Thermal reactor fuels dissolution

Thermal reactor fuels irradiated

Thermal reactor fuels reprocessing

Thermal reactor fuels solvent extraction

Thermal reactors fuel preparation

Thermal-Hydraulic Model of a Monolithic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

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