Storage interim

Central Interim Storage Facilityfor NuclearFuel—CRAB, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB), Stockholm, Sweden, 1986. 

In 2007, 144 million cubic meters of water was used in Switzerland to irrigate around 43,000 hectares on a regular basis and 12,000 hectares on an occasional basis, with the inner-alpine dry valley of the Valais accounting for more than half of the irrigated surface area [9]. The water used for this purpose is taken primarily from water courses, particularly during dry seasons or climate periods, and used directly without any interim storage. 

TABLE 2 Interim Storage/Retrieval Option Using Jet Grouting with WAXFIT... 

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the ideal closed nuclear fuel cycle (NRC 2003). In real practice, the reprocessing capacity does not match the generation rate of the spent nuclear fuel. Thus, the excess SNF must be placed in interim storage or disposed of in a geological repository. Under normal circumstances, the SNF will be in interim storage for just a few years. Also, note that excess material from nuclear weapons, e.g.. highly enriched 235U and 239Pu, can be blended down to lower concentrations and used as a reactor fuel.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the ideal open nuclear fuel cycle (NRC 2003). In this case, there is no reprocessing. Interim storage may last for tens of years so that the heat and radioactivity are much less prior to handling and final disposal. The spent fuel still contains fissile nuclides, such as 235U and 239Pu (generated by neutron capture reactions with 238U).

Because a permanent disposal strategy has proven illusive due to technical and political considerations, plans have been made for interim storage facilities where... 

The ultimate objective of any disposal form development project is to find an immobilization system which is prepared easily from the waste products of the recovery processes and will not allow hazardous material release during transport, interim storage, normal disposal, and in the event of a credible... 

Hg(I03)2, and Sr(IO3)2 Long time extrapolations of leach rates are uncertain to one or two orders of magnitude, but the data indicate that if the disposal form comes in continuous contact with the water the 1Z9I will be released before it has decayed. Thus, good disposal strategy includes a mechanism for dispersal such that dilution to harmless levels is achieved. For interim storage, where a dry environment can be assured, and for transportation, the forms appear to be adequate. 

The generators and owners of high-level waste and spent fuel have the primary responsibility to provide for, and the responsibility to pay the costs of, the interim storage of such waste and spent fuel until such waste and spent fuel is accepted by DOE. 

The act assigns the responsibility to DOE for interim storage of spent nuclear fuel from those civilian nuclear power reactors that cannot reasonably provide storage needed to assure their continued, orderly operation. The capacity provided by this program shall not exceed a total of 1,900 metric tons. Following an NRC determination of a utility s eligibility for interim storage, DOE will enter into contracts with the utility, take title to its fuel,... 

Electrical heating requires power supply by an interim storage device, i.e. a battery. Even though batteries exist as buffer devices in most fuel cell system concepts, their size would need to increase considerably to meet the demands for start-up. Therefore, battery power is a less viable option especially for hydrocarbon reforming systems, where high operating temperatures of the reformer exceeding 600 °C need to be achieved. 

A general policy and strategy for spent fuel must be complete, that means intermediate and long term solutions have to be researched. For interim storage solutions, dry storage facilities, such as CASCAD facility, are more economic than pool storage. 

Spent nuclear fuel from the NPPs is stored on-site in pool-type interim storages. The total amount of stored spent fuel is about 1350 tU. Besides that, about 330 tU of spent fuel was earlier shipped to Soviet Union/Russia. 

CLAB - Central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel... 

In 1980 the construction started for an underground interim storage for all SNF from the Swedish NPPs. It was taken into operation in 1985. It is a wet storage and is located close to the Oskarshamn NPP. 

Task 3 SevRAO Establishment of safe conditions for interim storage and management of spent nuclear fuel in the dry storage tanks... 

Task 3 Establishment of Safe Conditions For Interim Storage and Management Of Spent Nuclear Fuel in The Dry Storage Tanks... 

SNF unloading from NS reactors, preparing for interim storage and shipment for reprocessing ... 

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