Fruit aphids

The edible parts of parsnips (Pastimea sativa L.), which have been consumed for centuries by humans without causing any obvious harm, were found to contain a chemical of insecticidal and strong synergistic nature (1). The insecticidal constituent, present at about 200 p.p.m., was isolated and identified as 5-allyl-l-methoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxybenzene or myristicin. Its toxicity to various insects [vinegar flies, houseflies, Mediterranean fruit flies, mosquito larvae, Mexican bean beetles, and pea aphids] was established and compared with pyrethrum and aldrin (Tables I and II). The knockdown effect, although definite, was not as great as that of pyrethrum. In tests... 

Aphids suck growing substances and this results in dry, mummified fruits (may indicate too little growth). 

Biological Beuveria bassiana Mycotrol, Naturalis Thrips, whitefly, aphid, Colorado potato beetle, caterpillars, ants Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide... 

Soaps Potassium salts of fatty acids M-Pede Aphid, whitefly, mealybug, powdery mildew Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide, fungicide... 

As tree fruit species are perennial crops, year-to-year influences are often detected. For example, factors in the previous year(s) (e.g. water or nutrient deficiency, hail storm damage, shoot deformation caused by aphids, too high or too low crop load) strongly influence the tree s performance in the next year (Tromp and Wertheim, 2005). Thus, a major objective of agronomic practices used is to buffer the orchard from stress and to keep trees in a balance/equilibrium between vegetative and generative activity. 

Sooty mold is sometimes troublesome by causing an unsightly appearance of the fruit. The mold growth follows the feeding of mealy bugs and aphids on the inside of the fingers of the bunch of bananas and is usually not seen until the fruit is ready for sale. Economic field control measures should be developed. 

Common Name Banana borer Red rust thrips Flower thrips Red scale Yellow scale Red spider Caterpillar Grasshoppers Oriental fruit fly Banana aphid... 

The oriental fruit fly and the banana aphid vector of bunchy-top have so far been found only in the Pacific, the former as far east as Hawaii and the latter in Australia. Control measures for the fruit fly are insecticidal sprays and biological control. Bunchy-top is being held under control with insecticide spray of banana aphids and roguing of diseased plants. 

Several inferences can be drawn from these data that may suggest the impacts to be expected at the consumer and decomposer levels. Accelerated leaf drop may influence the development of pests—namely, aphids, scale insects, and red citrus mites. Pest populations might be increased if injured leaves had higher concentrations of amino acids or free sugars before abscission (see Chapter 11) or diminished if leaves fell too rapidly. Leaf and fruit drop would provide a larger substrate for populations of decomposer organisms at the soil surface. 

Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly liberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

Chemical Name 0,0-diethyl 0-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl 4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate 0,0-diethyl 2-isopropyl-4-methylpyrimidinyl-6-thiophosphate Uses nonsystemic insecticide to control flies, aphids and spider mites in soil, fruit, vegetables and ornamentals also... 

Uses insecticide to control aphids, scale insects, jassids, lepidopterous larvae, bollworms, mealybugs, psyllids, thrips, spider mites, etc. in citrus fruit, pome fruit, olives, cotton, cereals, rice, coffee, tea, sunflower, sugar cane, tobacco, ornamentals, and vegetables also used as acaricide and for control of mosquito larvae. 

Uses Carbophenothion in its pure form is a yellow-brown liquid with a mild mercaptan-like odor. The USEPA has grouped it under RUP. It is used as both an insecticide and an acaricide to control pests on citrus fruit and to control aphids and spider mites on cotton. When combined with petroleum oil, it controls overwintering mites, aphids, and scale bugs. It also is used to control aphids, mites, suckers, and other pests on fruit, nuts, citrus seeds, vegetables, sorghum, maize, and others. It is used to control parasites on animals. 

Uses Demeton-s-methyl is a pale yellow oil that has a sulfur-like odor. It is a systemic and contact insecticide and acaricide. It kills insects that feed on plants by sucking juices. It is used to control aphids, sawflies, and spider mites in fruits, vegetables, potatoes, cereals, ornamentals, and forestry. Demeton-s-methyl replaces methyl demeton, a mixture of demeton-s-methyl and demeton-o-methyl sold as systox meta. Demeton-s-methyl is more toxic to insects than demeton-o-methyl. It is available as an emulsifiable concentrate.28,40... 

Deltamethrin is a crystalline powder, white or slightly beige in color. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, ultra-low volume and flowable formulations, and granules. There are no known incompatibilities with other common insecticides and fungicides. It is used as a contact poison to control apple and pear suckers, plum fruit moths, caterpillars on brassicas, pea moths, aphids (apples, plums, hops), winter moths (apples and plums), and codling and tortrix moths (apples). It also is used in control of aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies on glasshouse cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, potted plants, and ornamentals.9-11... 

A wasp, parasite of glasshouse whitefly—most widely used Ladybird consumer of aphids and other pests A wasp, parasite of mealybugs used in horticultural and fruit crops... 

In subsequent studies the simple terpenes EJi-a- and -/3-farnesene (3 8 and 39, respectively) were identified in dominant male urine.128 These odoriferous terpenes had long been recognized as components of cues released by a variety of other organisms (red fire ants, aphids, wild potato plants, fruit flies, and springbok). Because neither was detected in male bladder urine, attention was focused on the preputial glands as the source. Volatile components from dissected, fat-free preputial glands of dominant male mice were, again, preconcentrated on Ten ax. Subsequent GC analysis readily allowed identification of known 37 and 38. None of the earlier two components 36 or 37 was observed in the preputial volatiles, but both were present in the bladder urine of the same animals. 

This subclass also includes heptenophos, which is primarily used for control of aphids in agricultural, horticultural, and ornamental crops cherry fruit fly, psylla, and phorid fly on mushrooms and mealybugs, whiteflies, and thrips in greenhouses. Its oral LD50 in rats is 96-121 mg/kg. 

Triazophos is a broad-spectrum insecticide and acaricide with some nematocidal activity. It is used for control of aphids, beetles, foliar-feeding larvae, fruit flies, leafhoppers, leafminers, scales, soil insects, whiteflies, and nematodes in fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Its oral LD50 in rats is 57-59 mg/kg. 

Methamidophos is an insecticide and acaricide for control of chewing and sucking insects and spider mites such as aphids, flea beetles, whiteflies, cabbage loopers, thrips, cutworms, Colorado potato beetles, armyworms, mites, leafhoppers, and others on vegetables, cotton, potatoes, and fruits. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 250-500 mg/kg. 

Methomyl is a broad-spectrum insecticide for control of bollworms, alfalfa weevils, European cornborers, leafhoppers, aphids, tobacco budworms, armyworms, corn ear-worms, and others in fruits, cotton, soybeans, vegetables, ornamentals, etc. Its oral LD50 in rats is 17-26 mg/kg. 

Pirimicarb is a selective aphicide against organophosphate-resistant green peach aphids on a wide variety of crops including cereals, fruits, potatoes, sugar beets, and vegetables. It kills insects by contact, translaminar, systemic action, and vapor. Its oral LD50 in rats is 147 mg/kg. 

Pyridazinone insecticides are derivatives of pyridazinone. Pyridaben is the only member of this class. It is an insecticide/acaricide with long residual activity against mites, leafhop-pers, thrips, aphids, and whiteflies on fruit trees, vegetables, ornamentals, and other field crops. Its oral LD50 in rats is 820-1350 mg/kg. 

Pyridine azomethine insecticides contain a pyridine and an azomethine group. Pymetro-zine is the only member of this class. It is a highly selective antifeeding insecticide for control of aphids and whiteflies on vegetables, potatoes, citrus, fruits, hops, and ornamentals. 

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