Agronomic practices

Gerstl Z, Helling CS. 1985. Fate of bound methyl parathion residues in soils as affected by agronomic practices. Soil Biol Biochem 17 667-673. 

The RAC and processed commodities to be collected for each crop are listed in OPPTS 860.1000. Close attention should be paid to the definition and description of many of the commodities listed in the footnotes to Table 1. Reviewing a summary of the actual commercial processing practices for the crop may be helpful. Once the processing procedures and the agronomic practices to be simulated in the field residue trial are understood, a field study can be designed that will truly represent commercial production and processing practices. This will ensure that the study will yield useful, reliable, and accurate data to be used in the tolerance setting process. 

Climatic fluctuations, long-term usage trends and agronomic practices can dramatically affect the characteristics of the monitoring data obtained from a field study, and this in turn affects the degree to which the study can be utilized to generalize about the environmental impacts of use of the pesticide. Surface water programs should be multi-year studies if one intends to address adequately the variability of pesticide... 

A protocol should be designed to conform as closely as possible to all ERA requirements. The test substance is a typical end-use product and application and agronomic practices accurately reflect the label and normal crop culture in the areas where the study will be conducted. Dislodging leaf material with a surfactant in aqueous... 

Fig. 2.1 Logical framework for organic production systems (redrawn with permission from Leifert et al., 2007). Shaded area represents agronomic practices prescribed or recommended under organic and other low input farming standards.

As tree fruit species are perennial crops, year-to-year influences are often detected. For example, factors in the previous year(s) (e.g. water or nutrient deficiency, hail storm damage, shoot deformation caused by aphids, too high or too low crop load) strongly influence the tree s performance in the next year (Tromp and Wertheim, 2005). Thus, a major objective of agronomic practices used is to buffer the orchard from stress and to keep trees in a balance/equilibrium between vegetative and generative activity. 

Most dynamic factors that affect fruit quality are agronomic practices that can be changed by farmers over relatively short time spans. They are mainly related to fertility management and crop protection and other husbandry interventions and inputs such as pesticides, fertilisers, herbicides, thinning agents and so on. The permitted tools for these activities, however, differ greatly between conventional and organic fruit production. The consequences... 

Avoid agronomic practices that result in high crop densities and late tillering. 

Mistry, K. B., Bhujbal, B. M. and D Souza, T. J. (1974). Influence of agronomic practices on uptake of fission products by crops from soils of regions adjoining nuclear installations in India, page 303 in Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/345 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

Goh KM, Haynes RJ (1986) Nitrogen and agronomic practice. In Haynes RJ (ed) Mineral nitrogen in the plant-soil system. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 379—468 Golchin A, Oades JM, Skjemstad JO, Clark P (1994) Soil structure and carbon cycling. Aust J Soil Res 32 1043-1068... 

Agronomic practices can impact the survival of manure-derived pathogens in the soil. Generally, bacteria are thought to decline more rapidly when manure is left on the surface rather than incorporated into the soil immediately after application, presumably due to the elimination of drying conditions and exposure to UV at the soil surface (Diaz and... 

Stephenson, G.R., M.D. Dykstra, R.D. McLaren, and A.S. Hamill (1990). Agronomic practices influencing triazine-resistant weed distribution in Ontario. Weed Technol., 4 199-207. 

The relationship between yields, total protein concentration, and biochemical composition of proteins in plant seeds on the one hand, and the plant s genome (the effect of a species and cultivar), on the other hand, is a generally well-recognized fact (Sell et al. 2005, Triboi et al. 2000, Wieser and Seilmeier 1998). It is also well known that agronomic practice affects the content of proteins in plant seeds (Daniel and Triboi 2000, Sell et al. 2005, Triboi et al. 2000, Wieser and Seilmeier 1998). In contrast, there are not many reports on the effect of stress on plants (Daniel and Triboi 2000, 2002, Sung and Krieg 1979). 

Many components of sustainable agriculture are derived from conventional agronomic practices however, they do not include allelopathy for the most part. The hallmark of a sustainable farming approach is not the conventional practices it rejects but the innovative practices it includes. In contrast to conventional farming,... 

Pas ko (1973) categorized clones into three classes based upon the number of stems arising from the seed tuber (1) >3 (strong), (2) 2 to 3 stems (intermediate), and (3) a single stem (weak). Multiple stems facilitate a rapid increase in leaf area index early in the development of the plant. The number of stems also varies with agronomic practices and seed tuber size. Some clones are highly variable in the number of stems produced, while others are less so. 

Leaf size varies with position on the plant (Figure 4.1B), clone, and agronomic practices (Pas ko, 1973). Leaves are smaller at the base of the plant, largest midway up the stem, and then decline in size toward the apex. Leaf size on lateral branches depends upon the branches position relative to light inception. Leaves on flowering branches are typically considerably smaller than on the stems and lateral branches. 

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