Fruit fly, oriental

Common Name Banana borer Red rust thrips Flower thrips Red scale Yellow scale Red spider Caterpillar Grasshoppers Oriental fruit fly Banana aphid... 

The oriental fruit fly and the banana aphid vector of bunchy-top have so far been found only in the Pacific, the former as far east as Hawaii and the latter in Australia. Control measures for the fruit fly are insecticidal sprays and biological control. Bunchy-top is being held under control with insecticide spray of banana aphids and roguing of diseased plants. 

Dr. Chambers has written an excellent review article on "Attractants for Fruit Fly Survey and Control" (5 ). In this review. Chambers discusses the development of parapheromones and food baits and the implementation of these attractants. Thousands of compounds were screened in Hawaii and in Mexico during the period of 1950 to 1955 (6), and this screening process yielded some promising candidates. Methyl eugenol, proposed by Steiner in 1952 (X), remains the most effective lure for the Oriental fruit fly. Cue lure, found by Beroza in 1960 (8), is a good lure for the melon... 

CN014 Keiser, I., E. J. Harris, D. H. Miyashita, M. Jacobson, and R. E. Perdue. Attraction of ethyl ether extracts of 23 2 bota-nicals to oriental fruit flies, melon flies, and Mediterranean fruit flies. LLoydia 195 38(2) 141-152. 

Nishida, R., Shelly, T.E. and Kaneshiro, K. Y. (1997). Acquisition of female-attracting fragrance by males of oriental fruit fly from a Hawaiian lei flower, Fagraea berteriana. Journal of Chemical Ecology 23 2275-2285. 

Methyl eugenol 013,4-dimethoxy-l-allylbenzene [95-15-2] was fust characterized in 1915 as a powerful attractant for the male oriental fruit fly, Dams dorsalis, and attracts at least 60 other closely related Dams spp. Raspberry ketone [5471-51-2] or l-(4-/>-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone [5471-51-2] (174) is an equally powerful attractant for the melon fly, Dams mmrbitae, and the Queensland fmit fly, D. tryoni, and at least 180 other closely related Dams spp. The acetyl ester (cue-lure) (175) is more volatile and is a synthetic parakairomone especially effective for monitoring infestations by these species. Methyl eugenol and cue-lure [3572-06-3] have been used successfully in "male annihilation" of the oriental fmit fly and the melon fly by applying them to fiber board blocks or pieces of twine together with malathion or naled insecticides and distributing them over infested areas at doses of 15 g of attractant and 1 g of the insecticide per ha. 

Metcalf R. L., Mitchell W. C. and Metcalf E. R. (1983) Olfactory receptors in the melon fly Dacus cucurbitate and the oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 3143-3147. 

The major components of the basic fraction are 3-methylbutanal, methylpyrazlne, dlmethylpyrazlne, ethylpyrazlne, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazlne, trlmethylpyrazlne, and 3-ethyl-2,5-dlmethylpyrazlne. (The aldehyde was probably carried over during the extractions because of Its solubility In both water and organic solvents.) Preliminary results show that this fraction has some attraction for the male oriental fruit fly. 

We have found that 1) volatiles from protein hydrolysates will attract fruit flies of various species, both male and female, 2) that volatiles from protein hydrolysates Which had been brought to pH 9 are more attractive than volatiles from protein hydrolysate as it comes at pH 4.2, 3) that Isolates from protein hydrolysates are attractive to various species of fruit flies, and 4) that the basic isolate is attractive to male oriental fruit flies. We are continuing to pursue vigorously the Isolation, identification, and biological testing of the active components of this mixture. 

Some entomologists believe that methyleugenol, the attractant for the oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis Hendel), is a sex attractant because the chemical attracts only the male and its action is so powerful 89). However, it appears to be a food lure, because the flies avidly devour the chemical 89). 

Although methyleugenol, the potent oriental fruit fly attractant, was discovered in 1912 by Howlett 66., (57), it was not put to effective use until about 1950 (, 9). This lure and a few closely related... 

CHaO Structure Species Attracted Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis)... 

In a 6-sq.-mile test of the male annihilation technique initiated in 1952 in Hawaii the methyleugenol, which oriental fruit flies consume avidly, was exposed on sugarcane flberboard squares, distributed at the rate of about 40 per sq. mile. Pyrolan (3-methyl-l-phenyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethyl carbamate), a strong stomach poison, was added to the lure to kill the male flies. The poisoned feeding stations were retreated each month. Reductions in infestation averaged 74, 70, 82, and 60% at 700-, 1100-, 1500-, and 1900-foot elevations in the treated area, again with only partial isolation. Infestations rapidly increased after termination of the experiment. 

The Hawaii tests permitted the conclusions (5) that the male annihilation technique is best adapted for use on whole or well-isolated populations. Its possible usefulness to combat incipient oriental fruit fly infestations whenever they may occur in continental United States was also suggested by this research. 

Opportunity for a large-area test of the oriental fruit fly male annihilation method on an entire isolated infestation presented itself... 

Within a few months after treatments began in September 1960, a marked decline occurred in the wild fly population, as measured by traps. Before treatments catches on Chichi Jima averaged 47,400 oriental fruit flies per 1000 trap days in March 1958 and 13,700 in January 1960. Only 170 flies per 1000 trap days were caught in March and 28 flies per 1000 trap days in September 1961. In March, April, May, June, and July 1962, catches were 194, 114, 204, 81, and 34, respectively. In early 1962 harvested tomatoes on Chichi Jima were essentially free of infestation for the first time in several years. 

The high degree of effectiveness of the oriental fruit fly male annihilation technique in reducing the number of flies in the Bonin Islands to near extermination levels has provided assurance that use of this lure in areas in California where three oriental fruit flies were... 

An important prerequisite for successful application of the fruit fly male annihilation technique is an attractant compound or mixture powerful enough to reduce the male population to a level well below that required for efficient fertilization of the total egg mass. An appetite for the lure by the males after they are attracted to it is also essential for most effective application. With the overabundance of sperm production and mating capacity possessed by the oriental fruit fly, removal of from 50 to 80% of all males may be necessary before there will be an appreciable effect on egg hatch. Use of strong female lures in combination with the male elimination method would enhance effectiveness but, unfortunately, materials discovered thus far in intensive screening programs in Hawaii and Mexico have not possessed attractant qualities comparable to those of the male lures. 

Metcalf RL et al (1975) Attraction of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to methyl eugenol and related olfactory stimulants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 2501-2505 Mombaerts P et al (2004) Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 5 263-278... 

Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R), Drosophila simulans (st pe), Drosophila mauritiana (wild type), Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly or Medfly), Dacus cucurbitae (melon fly), and Dacus dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) were cultured by standard methods. 

T)acus dorsalis Hendel oriental fruit fly adult T 77... 

Hansen, J.D., Armstrong, J.W., Hu, B.K.S. and Brown, S.A. (1990) Thermal death of oriental fruit fly (Diptera Tephritidae) third instars in developing quarantine treatments for papayas. Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 160-167. 

Methyl-eugenol and cue-lure are highly active commercialized synthetic kairomone lures to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, and the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, respectively (e.g., Vargas et al., 2000) ... 

Vargas, R.I., Stark, J.D., Kido, M.H., Ketter, H.M., and Whitehand, L.C. 2000. Methyl eugenol and cue-lure traps for suppression of male oriental fruit flies and melon flies (Diptera Tephritidae) in Hawaii effects of lure mixtures and weathering. /. Econ. Entomol., 93, 81-87. 

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