From the reactions of carbon monoxide

In the same year as the first open literature report of COCIF (1946), the FIAT review of German science (1939-1945) was published, and included a report of an alternative synthesis of COCIF [1194]  

COCIF may be prepared by the passage of a gas stream of chlorine(I) fluoride and an excess of carbon monoxide at -18 C into an iron reaction vessel, with the exclusion of air and moisture. The gaseous reaction product is then condensed into a quartz vessel and the crude product distilled through, and from, antimony powder. The yield was found to vary between 85 and 90% (based upon CIF), and was greater if the reaction was performed more slowly the main contaminants were COF and COClj [1194]. Only a ten percent yield of COCIF was obtained by reaction of CIF 3 and CO (diluted with dinitrogen) at -180 C over activated charcoal [1196a], 

The heating of a mixture of calcium fluoride (0.5 mol) and dichlorine (0.5 mol) in a steel bomb, pressurized to 80 MPa with an excess of carbon monoxide at 450 C for 6 h, is reported to produce a yield of about 2% of COCIF, contaminated with COClj, COFj, CCIF3, CCl F and HCI [28]. Similarly, the passage of a mixture of carbon monoxide and dichlorine through a bed consisting of CaFj and KCI (molar ratio 1 2) is said to generate COCIF at temperatures above 200 C [1561]. 

SF5CI combines with carbon monoxide (five molar equivalents), when irradiated with ultraviolet light over 5 h, to give COCIF as the major product. Small amounts of COFj, 

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Drauz,. K. Burkhardt, O. Beller, M. Eckert, M. (Degussa-Huels A.-G., Germany). Amidocarbonylation procedure and catalysts for the production of N-acylaminoacids from the reaction of carbon monoxide with aldehydes and amides or nitriles. Ger. Offen. 2000 DE 10012251. Chem. Abstr. 2000, 134, 56964. 

From the reactions of carbon monoxide in frozen matrices with Me2Si155 and several arylsilylenes Mes(R)Si (R = Mes, 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy, f-Bu)156, adducts were formed (see Section V.A.2). Theoretical calculations led to consideration of both a linear silaketene and a pyramidal n-donor base complex structure for the Me2Si(CO) adduct249. The observation that warming the carbon monoxide adducts of the arylsilylenes led to the formation of disilenes was interpreted as indicating the formation of a nonplanar complex that could dissociate as do other silylene-n-donor base complexes156. 

The preparation of inositols by the hydrogenation of tetrahydroxyqui-none amounts to a total synthesis, since the latter can be prepared from the reaction of carbon monoxide with potassium.23 This synthesis has been utilized for the preparation of myo-inositol uniformly labeled24 25 with carbon-14. 

COFj is formed from the reaction of carbon monoxide with mercury(II) fluoride mercury is co-produced according to [1497] ... 

Synthetic natural gas (SNG) is methane obtained from the reaction of carbon monoxide or carbon with hydrogen. Depending on the methane concentration, the heating value can be in the range of high-Btu gases. 

The rate laws have been determined for the formation of mono- and di-carbonyl species from the reaction of carbon monoxide with ruthenium(ii) chloride solutions in dimethylacetamide. The mechanisms of these reactions are compared with those of similar reactions in hydrochloric acid, and of analogous reactions with dinitrogen rather than with carbon monoxide. ... 

The products isolated from the reaction of carbon monoxide with alkylated diboranes do not contain the B—H bonds expected of a partially alkylated... 

An interesting development in the use of metal carbonyl catalysts is the production of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molten solution of sodium chloride and aluminum chloride with It4(CO) 2 a catalyst yields a mixture of hydrocarbons. Ethane is the primary product (184). 

The burning of coke in the regenerator provides the heat to satisfy the FCCU heat balance requirements as shown in equation 1. The heat released from the burning of coke comes from the reaction of carbon and hydrogen to form carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. The heat generated from burning coke thus depends on the hydrogen content of the coke and the relative amounts of carbon that bum to CO and CO2, respectively. 

A new route to ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide via the intermediate formation of ethylene carbonate has recently been developed by Texaco. Ethylene carbonate may be formed by the reaction of carbon monoxide, ethylene oxide, and oxygen. Alternatively, it could be obtained by the reaction of phosgene and methanol. 

This reaction is significant in terms of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry, because it represents the first well-characterized system in which a coordinated carbonyl is reduced by molecular hydrogen. Furthermore, complex 11 could be viewed as a precursor to ethylene glycol which, as previously indicated, is a highly desirable product from the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 

Phosgene is a colorless gas at ambient temperature and pressure. Its odor has been described as similar to new-mown hay. Phosgene is manufactured from a reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine gas in the presence of activated charcoal. The production of dyestuffs, isocyanates, carbonic acid esters (polycarbonates), acid chlorides, insecticides, and pharmaceutical chemicals requires phosgene. Manufacture of phosgene is approximately 1 million tons per year (y) in the United States, and more than 10,000 workers are involved in its manufacture and use. Manufacture of phosgene in the United States is... 

Carbon dioxide can be formed by the reaction of oxygen with carbon to form carbon monoxide, followed by the reaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen. Carbon dioxide can also be formed directly from carbon and oxygen. No matter which pathway is used, the enthalpy change of the reaction is the same. 

This enzyme [EC 1.2.99.2], also known as acetyl-CoA synthase, catalyzes the reaction of carbon monoxide with water and an acceptor to produce carbon dioxide and the reduced acceptor. The cofactors of this enzyme include nickel and zinc ions as well as non-heme iron. Methyl viologen can act as the acceptor substrate. The enzyme is isolated from Clostridium sp. Interestingly, it also catalyzes an exchange reaction of carbon between Cl of acetyl-CoA and carbon monoxide. The protein participates in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the organisms. 

The mechanism for the reaction is believed to be as shown in Eq. 15.170 (start with CH3OH, lower right, and end with CHjCOOH, lower left).180 The reaction can be initiated with any rhodium salt, e.g., RhCl3, and a source of iodine, the two combining with CO to produce the active catalyst, IRItfCO y. The methyl iodide arises from the reaction of methanol and hydrogen iodide. Note that the catalytic loop involves oxidative addition, insertion, and reductive elimination, with a net production of acetic acid from the insertion of carbon monoxide into methanol. The rhodium shuttles between the +1 and +3 oxidation states. The cataylst is so efficient that the reaction will proceed at atmospheric pressure, although in practice the system is... 

The second example also involves catalysts development. The goal of this project, headed by Leo E. Manzer and Walter Cicha at the DuPont Central Research Station, was charged with developing a new highly selective catalyst for the manufacture of phosgene while reducing the amount of the undesired by-product, carbon tetrachloride. As a result of basic studies by the DuPont catalysts research team, it was recognized that carbon tetrachloride formation arose from chlorination of the carbon catalyst that is used in the commercial process to promote the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine. 

Synthesis gas (syngas) is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that is produced from the reaction of carbon (usually coal or coke or similar carbonaceous material) with steam. 

Our original idea to employ carbon monoxide solely for the removal of the carbene ligand led, therefore, to an unexpected result. From this observation, it is clear that the potential of the reaction of carbon monoxide with organic systems must not be neglected. 

It was of interest in this respect to determine which rhodium carbonyl complexes result from the former reaction and whether the parallel formation of any organic products derived from the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide Is also occurring. The latter possibility was considered because of the presence of hydrides In the cluster and the involvement of hydrido carbonyl complexes in the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, It was not possible to detect any organic products formed from this reaction even after the cyclic repetition of the transformations below (equation 14). 

Another relevant phenomenon is the reaction of carbon monoxide with the lithium trimethylsilyldiazomethanide (MesSiCNaLi) to form either an ynolate (MesSiC COLi) or a ketenide (Me3SiC(Li)=C=0) derivative. The corresponding neutral species Mes SiCHN2 reacts with CO, in the presence of Co2(CO)s, to form Me3SiCH=C=0 . Neither reaction was studied calorimetrically. Accordingly, they cannot be compared with the energetics of the reaction of HCNi with CO to form HCCO and N2, a quantity indirectly obtainable from the deprotonation enthalpies of diazomethane and ketene. ... 

An example of an adsorption-limited reaction is the synthesis of ammonia the reaction of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide is an example of a sm-face-limited reaction. The synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen,... 

Product B must arise from a Friedel-Crafts alkylation with the f-butyl cation as intermediate This comes from the loss of carbon monoxide from the acylium ion. Such a reaction happens oniv when the simple carbocation is stable. 

Several chemical transformations of this acyl complex were carried out in order to prove its structure. The reaction of carbon monoxide with the complex gave acyl halide and chlorocarbonylbis (triphenylphosphine)-rhodium (XII). The thermal decomposition of the acyl complex gave rise to a mixture of isomeric olefins. The formation of olefin from the complex can be carried out more smoothly by adding iodine. When iodine was added to the solution of the acyl complex at room temperature, terminal olefin was obtained in high yield. These reactions are summarized below... 

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