Basic Study

Relationship Between the Variability in the Shape and Length of the Ion-Retaining Zone and the Concentration of the Displacing Ion 

Since increasing the concentration of a displacing ion can cause the RE band to lengthen without influencing the time needed to obtain product 

To initiate examination of this aspect the shape of the ion-retaining zone was determined first in the absence of extra displacing (NH ) ion. For this purpose, 0.06 mol/L EDTA solution was neutralized to pH = 7.50 

When the chelate eluent (displacer) at pH = 7.5 entered the RE zone, the RE ions in the resin were exchanged for the displacing ion, NH, and complexed by the EDTA as shown in the following reaction  

When the complex of Ln , LnY , entered the ion-retaining zone, it reacted with the retaining ion, Cu +, to form its EDTA complex, CuY, freeing Ln +, for recapture by the resin  

It was found by Min and White [44 to 47] that rotors with a two-wing Banbury rotor induce a circulatory motion in the mixing chamber. These researchers [43] also observed the difference in behavior of various elastomers in an internal mixer. Natural rubber (NR) formed a tight band around internal mixer rotors. However, a narrow molecular weight distribution butyl lithium polymerized polybutadiene (BR) a similarly polymerized butadiene styrene copolymer and an emulsion polymerized butadiene styrene copolymer exhibited tearing to various extents depending upon temperature. 

These studies were continued by Min [46] who compared rotors with R/L and R/R screws with Banbury double-flighted rotors and tapered rotors. She found that R/L screw rotors combinations both pumped rubber in the same direction. No inter-rotor material transfer was observed. R/R rotors, Banbury double-flighted rotors, and tapered rotors circulated the rubber around the mixing chamber. 

The internal mixer circulating motion observations were continued in subsequent studies by J. K. Kim and White [48, 49]. They measured circulation times using markers for different rotors. 

Their results for R/R screws and double-flighted rotors are summarized in Fig. 9.13, where circulation time is presented as a function of fill factor for both rotor designs. The screw rotor circulates the rubber in the mixing chamber more rapidly than the double-flighted rotor design. 

Kim and White [48, 49] were also concerned with the distribution of rubber on rotors of varying design when experiments were carried out under standard conditions at different fill factors. They studied R/L and R/R rotors that both pumped in the same direction and starvation appeared symmetrically on both rotors at one end of the mixing chamber. The R/R rotors pump in opposite directions and voids open at different ends of the two rotors. 

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Calcium plays a vital role ia excitation—contraction coupling, and failure to maintain iatraceUular calcium homeostasis results ia ceU death. The avaUabUity of the calcium antagonists also provides a powerful tool for basic studies of excitation—contraction coupling, stimulus—excretion coupling, and other specific physiological functions. 

Few basic studies of the efficiency of bag filters have been made. Increased dust penetration immediately following cleaning has been readily observed while the dust layer is being reestablished. However,... 

This PSA construction process provides results but tends to obscure the interpretation of what led to these results. Sensitivity analyses are basically studies of the effect on risk due to small or large changes in system/component reliability or operability (see Section 2.8). 

Ultraviolet absorptions ofvinylogous lactams were found by MOLCAO calculations and compared with experimental values (663). Infrared spectroscopic studies of vinylogous amides (664) and some fifty vinylogous urethanes (665) allowed configurational and structural assignments. The effect of enamine-imine equilibrium in a series of benzophenone derivatives was established (666) and the effect of structure on enamine basicity studied (667). 

Obviously, with the development of the first catalytic reactions in ionic liquids, the general research focus turned away from basic studies of metal complexes dissolved in ionic liquids. Today there is a clear lack of fundamental understanding of many catalytic processes in ionic liquids on a molecular level. Much more fundamental work is undoubtedly needed and should be encouraged in order to speed up the future development of transition metal catalysis in ionic liquids. 

As part of a. basic study on M-8 proplnt, Revere (Ref 2lj using TEM, discovered that proplnt stored at —20° and —40° for 12 hour periods became wrinkled and exhibited definite parallel cracking and changes in crystalline structure, which was reflected in erratic burning... 

P.J. Goddard, and R.M. Lambert, Basic studies of the oxygen surface chemistry of silver Oxygen, dioxygen, oxide and superoxide on rubidium-dosedAg(l 1 ),Surf. Sci. 107,519-532(1981). 

Table 2 summarizes these basic studies before the era of HAART. It is obvious, that there is a wide range between the results of these studies and we have to admit that we have little reliable data on the provider costs before 1995. The methodologies used are very different, so that comparison of results becomes difficult. In particular, the extent of considering special cost categories and the quality of data might have influenced the corresponding results. Borleffs et al. (1990) supposed that precise data on the utilization of health care facihties by HIV patients were often not available. 

The use of protoplasts in studies of stress physiology and biochemistry expands the advantages of cell culture systems discussed in the preceding sections. Additional applications are related to the fusion of protoplasts. Intraspecifie and interspecific protoplast fusion greatly enhance genetic variability of the fused protoplasts (Kumar Cocking, 1987). The resulting somatic hybrids provide cells which can be used for selection of specific traits (e.g. environmental stress tolerance) provided by one or both donor cells and for basic studies on cytoplasmic and nuclear inheritance of desired characteristics. 

For basic studies it is very advantageous to use suitable model particle systems which are much better reproducible and can be performed in a much shorter time. The best comprehension can be derived from studies under technical flow conditions in real bioreactors and partial comparison with experiences with biological cultures. 

In electrocatalysis, the major subject are redox reactions occurring on inert, nonconsumable electrodes and involving substances dissolved in the electrolyte while there is no stoichiometric involvement of the electrode material. Electrocatalytic processes and phenomena are basically studied in aqueous solutions at temperatures not exceeding 120 to 150°C. Yet electrocatalytic problems sometimes emerge as well in high-temperature systems at interfaces with solid or molten electrolytes. 

Basic studies on the kinetics of swelling have been performed [1699]. Pure clays (montmoiillonite, illite, and kaolinite) with polymeric inhibitors were investigated, and phenomenologic kinetic laws were established. 

The production of natural gas from coal typically requires a stimulation with hydraulic fracturing. Basic studies on the effectiveness of various treatment methods for coal-beds have been presented in the literature [398,1424]. 

G. P. Canevari. Basic study reveals how different crude oils influence... 

Much remains to be accomplished in the separation, isolation, and identification of both naturally occurring and synthetic bioactive materials effective in the germination of parasitic weed seeds. Structure-activity studies suffer from the lack of separation of isomers in most synthetic samples. Strigol is an important tool in basic studies on the effect of chemicals on seed germination, but it is highly unlikely that the compound will meet practical field... 

The reader is referred to basic studies of mass transfer in freeze-drying by Pikal and coworkers for in-depth treatment of the theoretical and practical aspects of mass transfer [29,32], Briefly, the rate-limiting step in mass transfer is transfer of water vapor through the partially dried matrix of solids. Resistance of the dried layer increases in a more or less continuous fashion as the depth of the dried layer increases, and the resistance also increases with the concentration of solids in the dried layer. Other factors can also affect the resistance of the dried layer, such as the method of freezing faster freezing tends to create a higher resistance in the dried layer. 

Operating parameters of the prototype equipment are used for running the prototype tests. These parameters are also used in running the basic study tests, but in a wider range to prove the validity of the basic correlations under broader conditions. 

The prototype test results are correlated by using the operating parameters directly, while the basic study test results (including photographic records and experimental measurements) are used in microscopic analysis based on the local flow characteristics and their constitutive correlations. 

This book on carotenoids spans the breadth of ongoing work by researchers around the world, ranging from basic studies to advanced applied biomedical research. 

A number of basic studies in the area of donor solvent liquefaction have been reported (2 -9). Franz (10J reported on the interaction of a subbituminous coal with deuterium-labelled tetra-lin, Cronauer, et al. (11) examined the interaction of deuterium-labelled Tetralin with coal model compounds and Benjamin, et al. (12) examined the pyrolysis of Tetralin-l-13C and the formation of tetralin from naphthalene with and without vitrinite and hydrogen. Other related studies have been conducted on the thermal stability of Tetralin, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, cis-oecalin and 2-methylin-dene (13,14). 

Synthesis of PHAs in plants can not only be used directly in biotechnology for the creation of novel crop plants, but can also be a utilized as a unique novel tool in the basic studies of plant biochemistry. PHA synthesized in plants acts as a terminal carbon sink, since plants do not have enzymes, such as PHA depolymerases [68], required for degradation of the polymer. The quantity and composition of PHA can thus be used to monitor the quantity and quality of the carbon flux to different pathways. 

The basic research in our fields is now done largely in universities. It can have incredibly important practical results, but those results cannot normally be predicted in advance. Who would have thought that the basic study of induced energy emission from excited states of atoms and molecules that led to the laser would wind up giving us a better way to record music, or read supermarket prices Would a music company have funded that research Who would have thought that our increased understanding of the chemistry of life would have led to the creation of biotechnology as an entirely new industry The industry that benefited from the basic research could not have funded it, since it did not yet exist. 

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