Salmonella reversion assay

As with the Salmonella reversion assay, this shortterm test is conducted both without (— PMS) and with metabolic activation produced by addition of post-mitochondrial supernatant containing rat liver enzymes ( + PMS). These terms are equivalent to — S9 and + S9 in the Ames reversion assay we use the latter designation for both types of bacterial assays. A more sensitive micro-forward mutation bioassay using this TM677 strain to determine the mutagenicity of indoor air particles, including ETS and wood smoke, is described by Lewtas et al. (1987). 

Methyl isocyanate was not mntagenic in the Salmonella reversion assay bnt cytotoxic at relatively higher concentrations (Meshram and Rao 1987). McConnell et al. (1987) observed that it was genotoxic in cultured mammalian cells and showed marginal evidence of chromosomal damage in the bone marrow of mice. 

Allspice oleoresin gave a positive result in the DNA-repair test but not in the Ames Salmonella reversion assay or the Bacillus subtilis rec assay (Sekizawa and Shibamoto 1982). Antimutagenicity via antioxidant activity of allspice was observed in the DPPH radical reduction assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition testing (Ramos et al. 2003). 

Comparison of the Ames/Salmonella Reversion Assay to Two Forward Mutation Assays... 

In both assays IQ and Trp-P-2 were very potent. IQ, as was seen in the Ames/Salmonella reversion assay, was more potent than Trp-P-2 (see Table II). It is clear from these data that neither the expression of the genetic damage nor the site that is mutated is specific for one compound in bacteria and the other compound in mammalian cells. Thus, the lack of a potent response of IQ in CHO cells is probably not related to the absence of a hypersensitive DNA sequence, but is more likely due to differences in uptake, transport, or metabolism of the mutagens. 

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Mutagenicity. The mutagenicity of nitro PAHs has been studied most extensively in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay ( 5). The mutagenicities of representative nitro PAHs in this assay are shown in Table I. Some of the more important features regarding their mutagenicity can be summarized as follows ... 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

Utilising a reversion assay in Salmonella enterica, Prieto et al reported an increased frequency of point mutations following bile-salt exposure. Mutations were predominantly nucleotide substitutions (GC to AT transitions) and -1 frameshift mutations.The frameshifts were dependent on SOS induction and linked to the activity of DinB polymerase (Pol IV). The authors proposed that the GC to AT transitions stimulated by bile, could have arisen from oxidative processes giving rise to oxidised cytosine residues. Consistent with this hypothesis, the authors demonstrated that strains of S. enterica-lacking enzymes required for base-excision repair (endonuclease III and exonuclease IV) and the removal of oxidised bases, demonstrated increased bile-acid sensitivity compared with competent strains. In another study using E. coli, resistance to the DNA-damaging effects of bile was associated with Dam-directed mismatch repair, a pathway also involved with the repair of oxidative DNA lesions. ... 

Aubrecht, J., Osowski, J.J., Persaud, P., Cheung, J.R., Ackerman, J., Lopes, S.H. and Ku, W.W. (2007) Bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay a screen for detecting mutagenicity with high throughput attributes. Mutagenesis, 22, 335-342. 

Morimoto, I., F. Watanabe, T. Osawa, T. Okitsu and T. Kada. Mutagenicity screening of crude drugs with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/micro-some reversion assay. Mutat Res 1982 97 81-102. 

FIGURE 10.14 Diagram of procedure for the standard Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay for chemical mutagens (Maron and Ames, 1983). 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP, XXVIII) is a powerful human cell mutagen in strain hlAlv2, 7 times more potent than BaP (Durant et al., 1996 Hannigan et al., 1998), and a strong promutagen in both the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Eisenstadt and Gold, 1978) and the Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 forward mutation assay (Kaden et al.., 1979) ... 

TA100 see article) without S9 mix ( —S9, direct activity) and with added S9 (+ S9, indirect activity, promutagens) using a preincubation procedure (Yahagi et al., 1977) of the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames et al., 1975 Maron and Ames, 1983). 

In one of the first studies of the vapor-phase mutagenicity of polluted urban air, Alfheim and co-workers (1985) collected both ambient particles and vapor-phase compounds and used the Salmonella typhlmurium reversion assay. The direct activities ( —S9) of the extracts generally exceeded the promutagenicities (+ S9), and furthermore, the vapor-phase mutagenicity ranged from 0 to 88% of the total activity. 

Trueman, R.W. Callander, R.D. (1982) 4-Chloromethylbiphenyl, 4-hydroxymetliylbiphenyl and benzyl chloride comparison of mutagenic potential using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res.. 100. 55-59... 

Stewart, D.L., E.J. Sass, L.K. Fritz and L.B. Sasser. 1989. Toxicology Studies on Lewisite and Sulfur Mustard Agents Mutagenicity of Sulfur Mustard in the Salmonella Histidine Reversion Assay. Final Report from Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL-6873) to U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, AD A213102. 

Ackerman J, Sharma R, Hitchcock J, et al. Inter-laboratory evaluation of the bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay using 10 model chemicals. Mutagenesis. 2009 24(5) 433-438. 

Acetone (reagent grade) was evaluated by the standard plate incorporation method in the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay with strains TA98, TAIOO, TAI535, TAI537, and TAI538. 

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