Foodstuffs requirements

Instead, foodstuffs are a greater challenge due to the complexity of their matrices and the low natural concentration of vitamins in food. The different stability and the numerous vitamers present in foodstuffs required dedicated extraction procedures. The simultaneous extraction of vitamin B B2 has been performed in a unique step several times. However their detection, if MS is not applied, usually needs to be performed under different conditions, which means carrying out two different chromatographic analyses. 

Specific requirements for the end products include tests and migration limits for various types of toxic or harmful compounds such as Michler s ketone (4,4 bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone), 4,4 bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (DEAB), diisopropyhiaphthalenes (DIPNs) phthalates, solvents, partially hydrogenated terphenyls (HTTP), azo colourants, fluorescent whitening agents, primary aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and benzophenone. The amounts of these substances should be either below the detection limits or, in some cases (DIPN, HTTP, solvents) as low as can be reasonably achieved. For benzophenone a specific migration limit of 0.1 mg/dm is defined. The requirements generally apply to products intended to be used in contact with aqueous and/or fatty foodstuffs or also with dry, non-fatty foodstuffs (requirements for DIPNs, HTTP, phthalates and solvents). 

In selecting suitable microbicides one has to note the type or composition of the glue, adhesive or thickener, the manufacturing process and the end-use. Adhesives coming into direct contact with foodstuffs require preservatives of low toxicity which are especially odourless and tasteless. Microbicides for incorporation into dry, solid glues and adhesives or thickeners should stand the drying process without degradation or volatilization. 

In Europe, the formation of the European Economic Community has created a requirement to bring food additive approvals of the member nations into alignment, so as to eliminate differences in laws that hinder the movement of foodstuffs among these nations. Historically the member countries have differed widely in approaches to food additive approval and their tendency to approve new additives. At the time of this writing, a framework directive for food additives and several specific directives for various categories of additives are nearing completion (3). 

Food Processing. One of the first appHcations of RO was ia the food processiag (qv) iadustry. The primary advantage of RO over the traditionally used processes ia the food iadustry is that RO operates at low temperatures which can prevent the denaturation of some materials used ia foodstuffs. Because high temperatures are not required, energy costs are reduced as well. Moreover, RO is relatively simple ia terms of the equipment design. These factors lead ultimately to a reduction ia capital and operating costs, accompanied by an iacrease ia product quaUty. 

Many crystalline products, including fine chemicals, foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals, require a final particle size that is significantly smaller than that produced during the crystallization or precipitation step. One way of achieving the required particle size is to employ a subsequent size-reduction step using some form of comminution device, frequently a mill. 

Nahr-lbsung, /. nutrient (or nutritive) solution, -medium, n. nutrient medium, -mittel, n. food nutriment, nutrient. -plasma, /. (Biol.) trophoplasm, -praparat, n, food preparation. -saft, m. nutrient juice chyle sap. -salz, n. nutrient salt (salt required for proper nutrition), -stoff, m. nutri ve substance, nutrient nutritive material, foodstuff, food, nfihrstoffarm, a. poor in food material. Nahrstoffgehalt, m. nutrient content, food content. 

Containers of foodstuffs should not be unduly stained or etched and must not be perforated or allowed to become distended by pressure due to evolution of hydrogen, and the contents must not suffer unacceptable changes of colour or flavour. Long storage periods, e.g. two years, may be required. 

An understanding of non-Newtonian behaviour is important to the chemical engineer from two points of view. Frequently, non-Newtonian properties are desirable in that they can confer desirable properties on the material which are essential if it is to fulfil the purpose for which it is required. The example of paint has already been given. Toothpaste should not flow out of the tube until it is squeezed and should stay in place on the brush until it is applied to the teeth. The texture of foodstuffs is largely attributable to rheology. 

For packaging, there are a variety of requirements. The foodstuff must be preserved for the customer until the moment of consumption in a form that is palatable and wholesome. This means the polymer will usually require good barrier properties, both to prevent loss of moisture from the food, and to prevent ingress of undesirable, possibly odorous contaminants from outside. In order to obtain optimum preservative properties, polymers are often employed... 

Most importantly, a clear differentiation between color preparations derived from natural sources requiring E number declarations (i.e., E 162 for beet red) and coloring foodstuffs derived from typical food commodities should be made (Figure 2.4.2). For the latter, only physical unselective extraction based on oil or water followed by concentration through heating is allowed, following the recent trend for clean-labelled food. ... 

Cathodic reduction is the most promising approach to the removal of carbon dioxide from a closed atmosphere. Methods developed so far provide for electrode materials, electrolytes, and electrolysis conditions where CO2 can be reduced to hquid organic products of low molecular weight such as formic acid. More complex systems are required to regenerate foodstuffs from the rejects of human vital activities during... 

The nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl in April 1986 (IAEA Technical Report 1991) proved to be a much more potent source of environmental contamination in many surrounding countries, over distances up to several thousands of kilometers, and was a cause of worldwide problems in international trade in food products contaminated (or possibly contaminated) with radionuclides. The resulting requirement by many countries to establish systems for monitoring radionuclides in foodstuffs and in the environment led to a large worldwide increase in the demand for suitable reference materials. 

Annex VI to Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. The section concerning residue analytical methods was not fully finalized when the Directive was first adopted. There were no provisions for methods to determine residues from a.i. and relevant metabolites in soil, water, and air. The criteria for foodstuffs partly proved to be not helpful for the practice of assessment (e.g., with regard to reproducibility, ISO 5725 requires validation in at least eight independent laboratories). 

To demonstrate the validity of an analytical method, data regarding working range/ calibration, recovery, repeatability, specificity and LOQ have to be provided for each relevant sample matrix. Most often these data have to be collected from several studies, e.g., from several validation reports of the developer of the method, the independent laboratory validation or the confirmatory method trials. If the intended use of a pesticide is not restricted to one matrix type and if residues are transferred via feedstuffs to animals and finally to foodstuffs of animal origin, up to 30 sets of the quality parameters described above are necessary for each analyte of the residue definition. Table 2 can be used as a checklist to monitor the completeness of required data. 

Multi-residue Method S19 of the DFG Manual,including Cieanup Procedure Xll-6 (gel-chromatographic cleanup), has been used successfully in many laboratories because of its broad applicability for the gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues in foodstuffs. DFG method S19 is also included in the respective European Standards. Subsequently, a modification of the extraction and partition step has been implemented. The modified method requires less experimental effort and eliminates the use of dichloromethane, which is an undesirable solvent for toxicological and ecological reasons. As the results from validation studies demonstrate,... 

Using transfer factors derived for uptake into plants and animals, Friberg and Vesanen (1999) have listed critical activity levels for americium and other nuclides deposited on soil and pasture vegetation from a nuclear accident required to exceed the action level for foodstuffs recommended by the IAEA. Experiments have been conducted to assess uptake of241 Am and other radionuclides from fallout or nuclear facilities in plants. 

Supplementary to the need for data on the acute and chronic toxicity of these insecticides to man and domesticated animals is the requirement for information concerning the magnitudes of the deposits that are present on or in foodstuffs as harvest or ultimate residues following commercial usage. 

Obviously, the first measure to think about could be the substitution of recycled fibre-based boxboard for foodstuff by virgin fibre-based material. The required amount of recycled fibre-based boxboard for foodstuff equals to 700,000 t/year in Germany [7]. For the substitution of the recycled fibre-based boxboard, it is simply assumed that the required virgin fibre-based board is produced totally from mechanical spruce pulp with a process yield of 97%. This would require in total additionally about 1.68 Mio m3 wood per year. The inventory study of the carbon balance of the German forests [8] indicates an average yearly wood growth of... 

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