Data bases computerized

The main objective of the In-Plant Reliability Data System (IPRDS) was to develop a comprehensive and component-specific data base for PRA and other component reliability-related statistical analysis. Data base personnel visited selected plants and copied all the plant maintenance wor)c requests. They also gathered plant equipment lists and plant drawings and in some cases interviewed plant personnel for Information on component populations and duty cycles. Subsequently, the maintenance records were screened to separate out the cases of corrective maintenance applying to particular components these were reviewed to determine such things as failure modes, severity, and, if possible, failure cause. The data from these reports were encoded into a computerized data base. 

Computerized data-base versions of RTECS give the capability of extracting substance lists by "Classification Codes." For example, one might ask the system to search for all compounds with classification Code of TUMORIGEN. How many users will have read the user s guide carefully enough to know that this means only that these compounds may have been reviewed by IARC or NTP but NOT that they have been indicted as tumorigenic ... 

When the reporting rate indicates a frequency of occurrence apparently lying in the range 1/1000 to 1/10,000, an accurate overall idea of incidence and attributable risk is desirable in addition to qualitatively defining risk factors. It is not easy to generalize about the type of study which would be most informative, but the use of computerized data bases... 

CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE REGISTRY NUMBER (CAS). This universally used number permits use and comparison of data on a given material no matter the synonym with which it might be published. It will, in fact, permit absolute identification of a compound with all of its synonyms. CAS numbers also facilitate extraction of information from computerized data bases. See also Chemicals (Number of). 

Technology centers (see Section IV,F) maintain central files containing the reactive chemicals data pertaining to their technology. Dow also maintains a computerized data base of reactive chemicals information on its Midland Scientific Data Center computer in Midland, Michigan. For many materials, data may be obtained from the technical literature and from suppliers literature. 

This section lists the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number. The CAS number, in the format xxx-xx-x, is unique for each chemical and allows efficient searching on computerized data bases. A page index for aU CAS registry numbers listed is included at the back of the Pocket Guide (page 374) to help the user locate a specific substance. 

Experimental data necessary to describe this behavior are available in large computerized data bases (e.g. Dortmund Data Bank, DDB). A small part of the data is also published in data collections (Gmehhng et al., 1977 Sorensen et al., 1979 Gmehling et al, 1986 Gmehling et al., 1988 Gmehhng et al., 2004 ). Both routes allow the calculation of VLE (see Ghapter 3.2.2.1, Sections 3.2.2.1.1 and 3.2.2.1.2) for multicomponent systems when the behavior of the binary subsystems is known. 

Incidentally, the Brossman task force epitomizes a very serious problem the coding of data into computerized data bases. Such data bases will doubtless have significant distributions and lifetimes, so the effects of possible distortions and information loss will be unfortunately amplified. 

Brossman, M. W., Kahn, H King D. Kleopfer, R. McKenna G. Taylor, J. K. Reporting of Low-Level Data for Computerized Data Bases - Chapt. 17 in this volume. 

Reporting Low-Level Data for Computerized Data Bases... 

As an alternative to the long-term controlled dietary protocol, a similar study was conducted with free-living men n = 4) consuming self-selected diets (Stites et oL, 1994). After a 2-week equilibration period with 200 /xg/ day unlabeled folate supplement, the subjects consumed 200 jttg/day of a 1 1 mixture of d4-folic acid and unlabeled folic add for an 8-week period, followed by a switch back to 200 /ig/day of unlabeled folate. Dietary folate intake was estimated from food records using a computerized data base. Typical results (Fig. 7) indicate slow labeling of body folate, as discussed above. Analysis of these data using the expanded model (Fig. 6) yielded... 

All of the assessment programs involve a common process. The key to the process is the gathering of a wide variety of information on chemical substances in order to assess the potential health and environmental risks and to identify ways to control exposure. Gathering the information requires a meticulous search of hundreds of data sources encompassing books, journals, computerized data bases, and data files in libraries and in the hands of governmental agencies and the private sector. This article reviews these various data sources. Its purpose is to familiarize those involved in hazard assessment activities with frequently used data sources, their contents and their limitations. 

Over the last decade, rapid advances in information-processing technology have greatly facilitated science and technology information searches. A large number of data bases are now available as easily accessible on-line computerized data bases. This achievement has resulted from cooperative efforts between... 

During this phase, data are collected and evaluated that pertain to the identification and physical and chemical properties of the chemical of interest. Data of interest are shown in Table I. Sources of these data include standard references, computerized data bases, and manufacturers technical bulletins. The outputs from this step are used to predict emission characteristics, environmental reactions, transport, and fate of the chemical. 

In category (B) we arc prepari a computerized data base of bibliographic and numerical critical experiment data. The bibliographic data help us to identify relevant experiments to enter into the numerical data tase. The numerical data base contains descriptions of a variety of critical measurements and has provisions for feedback of results Of calculations into the data base. 

At the time, and I guess in many cases since, this system was probably seen as just a computerized data base with human operators and a traffie offieer doing a challenging job. 

ASTM Preparatory for an Equivalent to the European CAMPUS via Committees D-20, E-49, etc. Develop Standard Formats for Computerized Data Bases. ASTM, 1989. 

There are mainly two types of thermochemical data the experimental data found in the literature, and the computerized data based on a theory such as the "Thermochemical Kinetics" of S.W. BENSON. Of course, conq>uterized data are deduced of well chosen expoimental data. 

The standard enthalpies and entropies are tabulated in books or computerized data bases as and S gg. They can easily be calculated for other temperatures. 

The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of a structure browsing tool in computerized data bases, with particular reference to the Beilstein data base as an example. The retrieval term which will form the main subject of this paper is the so-called Lawson-Number (LN). For obvious reasons, it is somewhat embarrassing for the present author to give an account of a descriptor which bears his own name. However, the driving force behind the choice of that particular name was not the author himself, but rather a combination of circumstances, the prime being that all sensible names for numbers of all descriptions had already been used up in the early days of the Beilstein Online venture. There were (and still are) the following terms in daily use in the production processes at the Beilstein Institute ... 

If the LN can contribute to the stimulation of creativity, then the present author will feel satisfied. However, browsing in computerized data bases is a dangerous field two of the most obvious pitfalls are as follows. 

---