Energy expenditure estimation

Wong, W. W Butte, N. F., Garza, C., and Klein, P. D. (1990). Comparison of energy expenditure estimated in healthy infants using the doubly labelled water and energy balance methods. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 44, 175-184. 

Energy Requirements Are Estimated by Measurement of Energy Expenditure... 

Energy expenditure can be determined directly by measuring heat output from the body but is normally estimated indirectly from the consumption of oxygen. There is an energy expenditure of 20 kJ/L of oxygen consumed regardless of whether the fuel being metabo-... 

W = weight in kg, El = height in cm, A = age in years Energy expenditure then should be multiplied by a stress factor to estimate the total energy expenditure (TEE) ... 

Metallic electrodes may dissolve as a result of electrolysis and may introduce corrosion products into the solid mass. However, if the electrodes are made of carbon or graphite, no residue will be introduced in the treated soil mass as a result of the process. The energy expenditure for Pb removal has been estimated to in the range 30 to 60 kWh/m1 2 3 4 of soil. The EO method also provides an advantage over conventional pumping techniques for in situ treatment of contaminated finegrained soils. 

Equations are available to estimate resting energy expenditure (Table 57-6). The result should be multiplied by a factor to correct for stress or activity level based on clinical judgment. 

Equations to Estimate Energy Expenditure in Adults and Children0... 

The energy intake by an organism plus or minus any change in body mass or composition. Lifson and McClin-tock introduced the use of doubly labeled water ( H20 and H2 0) to estimate energy expenditure. In this strategy, is lost from the body as labeled water and carbon... 

Estimated total energy expenditure in a typical 20-year-old woman,... 

Klyashtorin, L.B. and Smirnov, B.P. (1983). On the estimation of energy expenditure on respiration by fish (In Russian). In Physiological Principles of Respiration in Marine and Diadromous Fishes (J.A. Shekanova, ed.), pp.76-81. Legkaya i pishchevaya promyshlennost, Moscow. 

A very specific way of applying estimates of the ecotoxicity of mixtures at the community level is the application of the msPAF approach in life-cycle assessments (Huijbregts et al. 2002). In this application, the target is to assess ecological impacts of mixtures in a single value, and to compare this value to the predicted impacts of other stressors (e.g., ozone depletion and energy expenditure). 

Estimate the energy expenditure for a steady process involving oxidation of 425 g/day glucose at 310 K and 1 atm. 

An adult male has an oxygen uptake of about 21.16 mol over 24 h, and the associated elimination of carbon dioxide and nitrogen is 16.95 mol and 5.76 g, respectively. The male has performed 0.12MJ of external work over the same period and his energy expenditure at rest is = 70 W. Estimate his energy expenditure, heat loss, and net efficiency for the external work. 

An amphipod with a body weight of 9 pg consumes 3.5 X 10 9 mol oxygen every hour at steady state and eliminates 3.5 X 10 9 mol carbon dioxide, 0.4 X 10-9 mol N (as ammonia), and 0.1 X 10-9 mol lactic acid. The external work power is 47 X 10 9 W. Estimate the heat loss of the animal when the following four net reactions contribute to the energy expenditure. 

BMR is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (expressed in kcal/day). BMR decreases with age and with the loss of lean body mass. Increasing muscle mass increases BMR. Illness, previously consumed food and beverages, environmental temperature and stress levels can affect overall energy expenditure as well as the BMR. BMR is accurately determined by gas analysis (direct or indirect calorimetry) an estimation can be found using the equation ... 

Fuels for the body are limited to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In the American diet, these fuels are consumed in a ratio of approximately 46 42 12 with the recommended ratio being closer to 53 35 12 (.5). Thus in a nongrowing adult, these ratios provide estimates of the fuel use for daily activities. The primary fuels for exercise are carbohydrates and fats. Chapter 3 examines utilization of specific fuels during aerobic exercise. As the amount of daily exercise increases, there is an increased energy expenditure and hence increased need for energy nutrients usually reflected in increased food consumption, decreased body fat, or both (see Chapter 9). 

The energy expenditure of the mitochondrial ATP-driven transhydrogenase reaction has been estimated to one ATP per NADPH formed [29,30,46,53,60-62]. Since the equilibrium constant of the nonenergy-linked transhydrogenase reaction is 0.79 [2] and that of ATP hydrolysis is about 10 M [63], the equilibrium constant of the overall reaction is also of the order of 10 M. In spite of the very unfavourable equilibrium a reversibility of the energy-Unked transhydrogenase reaction has been demonstrated using ATP production [64] or uptake of lipophilic anions [65-67] as assay. 

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