Diets Self-selection

Iron Nutritional Status of Omnivore and Vegetarian Students Eating a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Food Service Diet (Self-Selected)... 

Amino acids essential for young rats (98) and fishes (99) have been reviewed. Rats preferably eat a diet with sufficient amounts of essential amino acids rather than one that is deficient (100). Each essential amino acid, consumed in self-selection, has been reviewed (101). A protein diet with an excess of essential amino acids has been described as a poor protein diet from investigations that showed remarkable growth inhibition and occurrence of fatty fiver disease in rats (102). This is called amino acid imbalance (103). 

For one week prior to and following the 45-day controlled diet period of HS-II and HS-III, each individual collected duplicate portions of all food and liquids consumed. These self-selected diets were brought to the laboratory and daily composites were prepared for analysis. 

Table IV. Mean Calcium Utilization from Self-Selected and High Fiber, Low Cholestrol, Low Fat Controlled Diets by Human Adults...

These results apparently support those in the previous study however, because dietary fiber was higher in the low fat diet than in the high fat diet, it is impossible to separate the effects of fat, fiber and possibly cholesterol. The alterations used in the low fat, controlled diet were essentially those recommended in the U.S. Dietary Goals/Guidelines while the moderately high fat, self-selected diets resembled usual American dietary intake patterns. 

Another question involving interpretation is whether these patterns are merely a reflection of different "food habits" of the individuals concerned, since all the individuals were on self-selected diets. The answer to this question appears to be that, although dietary differ-... 

E. M. Scott and others, series of articles on self-selection of diet in J. Nutrition beginning 1946. 

Spinach is also an excellent source of manganese. However, spinach contains high amounts of soluble fiber and oxalic acid. Both of these factors have been found to inhibit the utilization of iron. Using two 5-day periods in a cross-over design, manganese utilization from spinach was determined. Subjects (12) consumed their normal, self-selected, self-recorded diets. During one of the two randomly arranged periods, subjects were asked to eat one 8 oz. can of spinach. 

Levels of zinc in the diets of American subjects have been reported by several researchers. The studies shown in Table I indicate the zinc content of food as consumed in the self-selected... 

A current study of dietary recalls from EFNEP subjects on self-selected diets from three areas of Kentucky Indicate that from a systematically selected sample of 1294 subjects approximately 800 had phytate zinc molar ratios greater than 10 and about 600 had ratios greater than 15. A small group of subjects had molar ratios greater than 15 and zinc intakes greater than 15 mg/day. 

The measured total body pool may not be appropriate or desirable, because it win reflect the state of the subjects nutrition on a self-selected diet (see Section 13.7.3 for a discussion of the problem of the desirable body pool of vitamin C). 

The consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables has long been associated with reduced rates of cancer in people on self-selected diets. Cancer prevention has also been observed in laboratory animals fed vegetables, vegetable extracts, or numerous isolated components of vegetables and fruits. 

Anderson RA, Kozlovsky AS. Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1985 41 1177-83. 

WelshEA, Holden JM, Wolf WR, et al. 1981. Selenium in self-selected diets of Maryland residents. J Am Diet Assoc 79 277-285. 

Two major approaches have been used to study the effects of fiber on humans 1) to replace low-fiber foods with higher fiber foods and 2) to add refined fibers to self-selected or controlled diets. High pectin foods or refined pectin have been fed to man and animals alone or in combination with other fiber sources to investigate the effect of pectin on metabolic parameters. 

The effect of adding pectin to self-selected diet has also been studied. As with the controlled diet studies, various amounts of pectin have been added to the self-selected diets. 

Schwardt et al (28) compared results after a self-selected diet alone, with cholestyramine added and with cholestyramine and 12 g apple pectin added for 12 weeks. Compared to the subjects self-selected diet alone, the addition of pectin plus cholestyramine decreased cholesterol 31% and LDL levels 35%, while the addition of only cholestyramine decreased cholesterol 19% and LDL levels 22%. Neither the HDL ratio nor triglycerides changed significantly from the prestudy levels. 

Kavas-OglyA, Luteuliaev F, Raeiev A, Onishchenko V, Abbasova B, Mamatkulov K and Rish M (1995) Bromine, rubidium and cesium intakes from self-selected diets by residents of the Samarkand oasis. Mengen- und Spurenelemente 15 735-740. 

In our model, subjects are allowed to resume self-selected diets after 36 hr postdose. This may result in changes in plasma /3C concentrations as a function of occasional large fluctuations in dietary intake of several milligrams. Since APE represents the proportion of plasma /3C molecules that are labeled with addition of unlabeled /3C to the plasma pool from dietary sources will decrease APE even though the concentration of labeled /SC remains unaffected. In such instances, the data can be expressed as the plasma concentration of labeled /3C (e.g., nmol/liter) by multiplying APE... 

As an alternative to the long-term controlled dietary protocol, a similar study was conducted with free-living men n = 4) consuming self-selected diets (Stites et oL, 1994). After a 2-week equilibration period with 200 /xg/ day unlabeled folate supplement, the subjects consumed 200 jttg/day of a 1 1 mixture of d4-folic acid and unlabeled folic add for an 8-week period, followed by a switch back to 200 /ig/day of unlabeled folate. Dietary folate intake was estimated from food records using a computerized data base. Typical results (Fig. 7) indicate slow labeling of body folate, as discussed above. Analysis of these data using the expanded model (Fig. 6) yielded... 

Eastman, W.A. and Clayshulte, B.J., Pecan effects on serum lipoproteins and dietary intakes of hyperlipidemic individuals consuming self-selected diets. Earn. Consum. Sci. Res. J., 33, 197-207, 2005. 

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