Food Allergy and Intolerance

Woods, R. K., Abramson, M., Bailey, M., and Walters, E. H. (2001). International prevalences of reported food allergies and intolerances. Comparisons arising from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) 1991-1994. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 55, 298-304. 

Chronic diseases and disorders of digestion, metabolism and immune function, such as chronic gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, food allergy and intolerance, hypotension, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome and prolapse of organs. 

Acute and chronic gastroenteritis, prolapsed stomach, dilatation of the stomach, peptic and duodenal ulcers, stress-related vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergies and intolerances, and the side effects of some medicines. 

Brostoff, J. and Challacombe, S.J. 2002. Food Allergy and Intolerance. Part IV Clinical Diagnosis of Food Allergy and Intolerance. Saunders, London. 

Sources Based on Consumers Federation, Food Additives, Second edition, Consumers Federation Poland, Warsaw, 1999 (in Polish) Modified from Kanerva, L., Skin contact reactions to food and spices, In Food Allergy and Intolerance, Brostoff, J. and Challacombe, S J., Eds., Saunders, London, Edinburgh, New York, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto, 2002 EAFUS A Food Additive Database—http //www.foodsafety.gov/—dms/eafus.html a Mentioned also as additives associated with adverse reaction by Bosso and Simon (2008). 

Kanerva, L. 2002. Skin contact reactions to food and spices. In Food Allergy and Intolerance, 2nd ed., J. Brostoff and S.J. Challacombe, Eds., pp. 631-645. Saunders, London. 

Food Allergy and Intolerance Center http //www.allergyhealthonline.com... 

Taylor, S.L. Dormedy, E.S. The role of flavoring substances in food allergy and intolerance. Adv. Food Nutrition Res. 1998, 42, 1-44. 

Elsayed S (2002). Fish allergy and the codfish allergen model. In Brostoff J, CaUacombe SJ, (eds. ), Food Allergy and Intolerance, 2nd ed. Harcourt, London, pp. 425 33. 

Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption in the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, antibiotic associated-diarrhoea, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, irritahle bowel syndrome, Helicobacter pylori infection, as well as food allergies and intolerances, have been clearly assessed (Sanders et al. 2013). Furthermore, probiotics are effective in reducing cholesterol levels and lowering blood pressure (Kumar et al. 2012). However, molecular mechanisms underlying strain-specific probiotic action and the identity of effector molecules (peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, cell surface polysaccharides, extracellular proteins) still remain to be fully elucidated. 

Exclusion or elimination diets are used to detect foods suspected of causing food allergies or intolerance, or triggering attacks of illness, such as migraine. Suspected foods are avoided for about 2 weeks and then reintroduced one at a time. 

With contributions from an international team of research specialists, the book explains the basic mechanisms of allergenic reactions in humans, the molecular background of these mechanisms, and the problems of food tolerance and intolerance. It also discusses the issues related to common treatments of food allergies and the narrow groups into which they are categorized. 

Pastorello, E.A. 1997. Study of Nutritional Factors in Food Allergies and Food Intolerances. European Commission, Brussels, ISBN 92-827-9554-3. 

Formula or breast-feeding and age at initiation of solid foods Supplemental vitamin, mineral, or herbal intake Food allergies or intolerance Underlying pathology with nutritional effects... 

Influence of drugs on mucosal barrier and particularly on paracel-lular permeability may have long-term effects on gut immune system and immune equilibrium with colonic microflora (food allergy or intolerance, leakage of immunocytes, macromolecules, bacterial infiltrations). 

This process includes dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical aspects. Nutritional assessment begins with a detailed nutritional history that includes clinical, dietary, socioeconomic, and family issues. Areas of interest include present and past illnesses, family illness history, food allergies or intolerance, medications, nutritional supplements, over-the-counter medications, alcohol use, work environment, and education level. A useful standardized protocol is the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), which incorporates serum albumin, serum transferrin, delayed skin hypersensitivity, and triceps skinfold thickness (20,21). The PNI has been shown to correlate with postoperative complications and mortality (22). Whole body functional assessment by examining overall activity, exercise tolerance, grip strength, respiratory function, wound healing, and plasma albumin concentration can also be useful. 

Although the immune system is not responsible for the symptoms of food intolerance, the symptoms of food intolerance can resemble those of food allergy and must be differentiated accordingly. 

An important point is that food allergy can be, and should be, distinguished from other forms of food intolerance where the pathogenesis is non-immunological... 

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