Flushing intravenous

Besides local toxicity, discussed above, there are numerous other modes of potential adverse interactions involving excipients (19,20). Many of these pose little threat provided the amounts of excipients are constrained to certain levels. Excessive amounts, however, can cause problems, particularly for patients who are intolerant of even modest levels. Commonly used phosphate buffers may cause calcium loss with formation of insoluble calcium phosphates when such buffers are administered in over-ambitious amounts (21). Calcium phosphate precipitation has been noted particularly in nutritional parenteral admixtures for neonates because of the high nutrient requirements. Similarly, renal toxicity has been associated with depletion of zinc and other trace metals caused by large parenteral doses of ethylenediaminete-traacetic acid (EDTA) (22). Excessive absorption of glycine solutions, when used as irrigants during transurethral resections, can cause hyponatremia, hypertension, and confusion (23). The use of preservatives has been associated with cardiac effects in a few patients (24). Premature neonates were found to be at risk for receiving toxic amounts of benzoic acid or benzyl alcohol in bacteriostatic solutions used to flush intravenous catheters (25). 

After rapid intravenous injection of an opioid, the user experiences warm skin flushing and a rush that lasts about 45 seconds. In one retrospective study... 

Administer intravenous drugs by rapid bolus followed with a 20 mL flush of intravenous fluid and extremity elevation for 10-20 s if peripheral venous access is utilized during resuscitation. 

Discontinue all heparin and low molecular weight heparin sources o Intravenous, subcutaneous, flushes, and heparin-coated catheters... 

Intravenous nitrates Hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia BP and HR every 2 hours... 

Continuous bladder irrigation by catheterization uses normal saline at 250 to 1000 mL/hour to flush acrolein from the bladder. Hyperhydration with normal saline at 3 L/m2 per day with intravenous furosemide to maintain urine output greater than 100 mL/hour also has been used with cyclophosphamide. Mesna is equivalent to both strategies in patients receiving high-dose cyclophosphamide and avoids the discomfort and... 

A 39-year-old male with aortic insufficiency and a history of no drug allergies is given an intravenous dose of antibiotic as a prophylaxis preceding the insertion of a valve prosthesis. As the antibiotic is being infused, the patient becomes flushed over most of his body. What antibiotic was given ... 

Magnesium sulfate, applied intravenously is often used as tocolytic. The mechanism of action is not completely clear but might involve a competition with calcium on the cellular level. Precautions in the sense of magnesium plasma level monitoring must be taken in patients with renal insufficiency since this divalent kation is eliminated by the kidneys. Relatively high plasma concentrations are necessary to achieve a sufficient tocolysis. The relatively frequent side effects are respiratory depression, depressed reflexes, headaches, palpitation and skin flushing in the mother and muscle relaxation and, rarely, CNS depression in the fetus. 

Hypoprothrombinemia may occur in malabsorption syndromes and also the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may produce a hypoprothrombinemia that responds readily to small doses of vitamin K. In premature infants and in infants with hemorrhagic disease of the newborn the use of vitamin K may be indicated. However, the main indication for the use of vitamin K is to antagonize the anticoagulant activity of coumarins. Oral absorption of phytonadione and the menaquinones is by the lymph while menadione and its water-soluble derivatives are absorbed directly. The absorption of phytonadione is energy-dependent and saturable. Intravenous administration of phytonadione has produced flushing, dyspnea, chest pains, and cardiovascular collapse. 

The common side effects seen in chronic therapy (Table 19.3) are mostly related to vasodilation—headaches, dizziness, facial flushing, hypotension, and so forth. High doses of verapamil in elderly patients are known to cause constipation. Serious side effects, especially following the intravenous use of verapamil, include marked negative inotropic effects and depression of preexisting sick sinus syndrome, A-V nodal disease, and... 

The clinical effect of a tyramine interaction Ccheese reactionO is a hypertensive crisis flushing severe throbbing headache severe hypertension tachycardia pallor. There is a risk of cerebral haemorrhage. Treatment is by a 1-adrenoceptor antagonist (phentolamine or chlorpromazine) which is usually given intravenously. 

Rapid intravenous administration may result in hypotension. Adverse idiosyncratic responses such as flushing, abdominal discomfort, and rash have also been observed. Pulmonary complications (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome) have been reported in some patients undergoing deferoxamine infusions lasting longer than 24 hours, and neurotoxicity and increased susceptibility to certain infections (eg, with Yersinia enterocolitica) have been described after long-term therapy of iron overload conditions (eg, thalassemia major). 

Stealth liposomes Liposomal infusion reaction (hypoactivity, flushing, diarrhea, emesis, and decreased blood pressure seen following intravenous infusion in dogs) Transient effect (resolved within 1-2 hr). Biological significance is not apparent but the finding has been related to histamine release due to the infusion of a large amount of lipid 27... 

She lost consciousness and developed arterial hypotension. She responded to intravenous diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone. Intradermal skin tests were positive for prednisone and negative for methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone. An oral challenge test with prednisone led to flushing, nausea, dizziness, tachycardia, and hypotension and responded to intravenous diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone. Challenge tests with intravenous methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone were negative. 

Common adverse events include joint pain, joint swelling, and hypotension. Central intravenous line usage may be associated with pulmonary emboli and sepsis. Other events, such as nausea, rash, pruritus, flushing, and fever occurred in 1-6% of treatments in both sham and treatment groups in the double-blind trial. Rare leukocytoclastic vasculitis has been documented. 

Sermorelin may be used as a diagnostic test for pituitary GH reserve according to the following protocol After an overnight fast, the patient has blood drawn for GH at -15 and 0 minutes sermorelin 1 g/kg is injected intravenously, followed by a 3 mL normal saline flush of the infusion line. Blood for GH is then drawn at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes following the injection. Serum GH levels must reach a peak of over 2 ng/mL to be considered a positive response. 

Intravenous GHRH usually causes acute but transient adverse effects lasting several minutes. These effects include flushing, injection site pain and erythema, nausea, headache, metallic taste, pallor, and chest tightness. 

Most patients given intravenous TRH note adverse effects lasting for a few minutes an urge to urinate, a metallic taste, nausea, flushing, or light-headedness. Transient hypertension or hypotension may occur, and marked blood pressure fluctuations have been reported in a few patients. 

Intravenous bolus doses of 1 mg/kg produce transient facial flushing and, rarely, dyspnea. Adrenocorticotropin (Corticotropin, ACTH, ACTH, 24)... 

Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the synthesis of prothrombin and other blood-clotting factors. Vitamin K deficiency occurs due to liver disease, longterm antimicrobial therapy, and malabsorption. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to hemorrhages in newborns and development of hypoprothrombobinemia. Rapid intravenous injection of emulsified vitamin K produces flushing, breathlessness, hypotension, and may lead to death. 

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside, but at high doses the drug decreases conduction velocity, prolongs the refractory period, and decreases automaticity in the AV node. Intravenous adenosine is the drug of choice for abolishing acute supraventricular tachycardia. It has low toxicity, but causes flushing, chest pain and hypotension. Adenosine has an extremely short duration of action (about 15 seconds). 

Male Wistar rats weighing 120-150 g are treated orally with the test compound or the standard 30 min prior to intravenous injection via the tail vein with 2.5 ml/kg of a 3 % aqueous solution of phenolsul-fonphthalein. For intravenous application, 5.0 ml/kg of the test drug solution are injected immediately after the phenolsulfonphthalein injection followed by flushing with 2.5 ml/kg saline. By retro-orbital puncture blood samples are withdrawn after 30, 60 and 180 min. Blood (0.2 ml) is diluted with 2 ml... 

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