Process fluids

Other. Numerous other supercritical fluid processes and techniques have been and are continuing to be developed. The novel spray appHcation UNICARB uses supercritical CO2 to replace volatile diluents in coating formulations, thereby reducing the volatile organic compound emissions by up to 80% (128). Rapid expansion of CO2 iu the spray can also improve the quaUty of coatings, thus performance benefits are obtained in a process developed for environmental advantages. 

Boyce, M.P., Chapter 10. Transport and Storage of Fluids-Process-Plant Piping, Perry s Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th Edition, 1997. 

For instance, in the aforementioned heat exchanger example, the FOB equipment cost was 40,100. If this exchanger is to operate in an oil refinery (primarily a fluid processing plant), the fixed capital investment is 4.83 x 40,100 - 193,700. 

Murphree, E. V., et al. (194S). Improved Fluid Process for Catalytic Cracking. Transactions of the American Institute of CheinicaJ Engineers 41 19-20. 

Heat transfer in agitated vessels with internal coils containing the heat transfer fluid (process on outside of coil) is expressed by the outside coefficient on coils ... 

Da = diameter of agitator, ft k = thermal conductivity of fluid processed,... 

Y. Ikushima, N. Saito, K. Hatakeda and S. Ito, in Supercritical Fluid Processing of Food Biomaterials... 

Estimation of fixed capital cost, reference Table 6.1, fluids processing plant ... 

The importance of the first three of these factors has already been discussed. The temperature factor would include the cost of insulation plus the increase in metal thickness necessary to counteract the poorer structural properties of metals at high temperatures. Zevnik and Buchanan17 have developed curves to obtain the average cost of a unit operation for a given fluid process. They base their method on the production capacity and the calculation of a complexify factor. The complexity factor is based on the maximum temperature (or minimum temperature if the process is a cryogenic one), the maximum pressure (or minimum pressure for vacuum systems) and the material of construction. It is calculated from Equation 2 ... 

Chan LH, Edmond JM (1988) Variation of lithium isotope composition in the marine environment A preliminary report. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52 1711-1717 Chan LH, Kastner M (2000) Lithium isotopic compositions of pore fluids and sediments in the Costa Rica subduction zone implications for fluid processes and sediment contribution to the arc volcanoes. Earlh Planet Sci Lett 183 275-290... 

Rapid solidification and devitrification of amorphous metals and metallic glasses Combustion-flame chemical vapor condensation processes (Kear) Induction-heating chemical vapor condensation processes DC and RF magnetron sputtering, inclusive of the method of thermalization Laser ablation methods Supercritical fluid processing... 

Beckman EJ (1995) Polymer nanostructures via critical fluid processing. In Vincenzi-ni P (ed) Adv Sci Technol New Horizons for Materials, Techna Sri, p 151... 

In the analysis mode, a user chooses working fluid, process assumption for each component, and input numerical property values. All the calculations are then quickly done by the software. There is a sensitivity tool that makes cycle performance parameter effects easy and quick, and generates the effect in graph form. 

Smith MP, Yardley BWD (1996) The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline as a guide to fluid processes in the southwestern England orefield an ion microprobe study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60 1415-1427... 

This is a fruitful approach, and much of what follows concerns the development and use of such flow models. The parameters of these models are correlatable with physical properties of the fluid, vessel geometry, and flow rate once such correlations are found for all types of fluid processing, performance predictions can be obtained without resort to experimentation. 

Lang method The Lang factor for a fluid processing unit starting with purchased equipment costs is 5.0. Therefore, fixed capital investment is 2,820,000 X 5.0 X 1.035 X 1.040 = 15,177,000. 

Solid-fluid equilibria are important for supercritical fluid processing design (Bush and Eckert, 1998). 

In a supercritical fluid process, advantages in process performance must exceed the penalties from the requirement for elevated pressures. It is pmdent to undertake a formal hazard analysis of the SCF process to identify unknown and potentially dangerous design conditions (see Hazard analysis and risk assessment). 

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