Process fluid location, selection

Temperature. Temperature sensor selection and installation should be based on the process-related requirements of a particular situation, ie, temperature level and range, process environment, accuracy, and repeatabiHty. Accuracy and repeatabiHty are affected by the inherent characteristics of the device and its location and installation. For example, if the average temperature of a flowing fluid is to be measured, mounting the device nearly flush with... 

Figure 2.18. Gradient dilution is based on selecting readouts at the tail of the dispersed sample zone (right-hand side of left curve), where elements of fluid can be located within which the sample material has been diluted by the disperson process. The selection may be mechanical, that is, the zone is selected via the delay time, captured by means of a second valve, and then reinjected into a second FIA system. Electronic dilution is achieved by means of a microprocessor, by selecting via the delay time a detector readout from which a calibration curve is constructed (middle curves). The peaks, recorded with four different concentrations of analyte (labeled 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were sliced at different delay limes yielding readouts from which calibration curves of different slopes were recorded (right curves).

Work at this stage was carried out in order to obtain production data under ordinary field conditions, also to test the existing systems for collection, separation and measurements of the extracted crude oil. These data, then, served as basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the subsequent thermal treatment. Production data on wells located within field sections selected for experimental work were collected and studied with special attention. At the same time, necessary adjustments were made in all components of the production equipment, including those of data collection and processing. Measurements were taken of all primary production parameters, that is, of quantities of produced oil, gases and formation water, of dynamic and static fluid levels, of characteristics of crude oil, gases and water, and of formation temperatures and pressures. 

The first step in the flow sheet simulation is to define process flow sheet connectivity by placing unit operations (blocks) and their connected streams. To define a process flow sheet block, select a model from the Model Library (Column and then DSTWU) and insert it in the workspace. To define a process stream, select Streams from the Model Library and click to establish each end of the steam connection on the available inlet and outlet locations of the existing blocks. Building process flow sheet using shortcut distillation form the model library, for fluid package, Peng Robinson EOS is used. Date needed for simulation. 

Depending on the complexity of the problems, different approaches may be taken to assess the potential impacts of Joule-Thomson effect. One simple approach would be to use a reasonable PVT model to predict the Joule-Thomson effect associated with a pressure drop. Another approach, which is more comprehensive and could be applied to both steady-state and transient (dynamic) fluid flow process, would be to rely on a well-established transient multiphase flow simulation software (e.g., OLGA [12]) to calculate the change in pressure and temperature at different locations of interest. Both approaches have been applied in a series of studies conducted and selected results are to be presented in the next two sections. 

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