Flower Composition

Farnesol is particularly suited for use in flower compositions and is valued for its fixative and deodorizing properties. 

Trimethyl-9-undecenal is a richly fragrant substance that is used in flower compositions to obtain an aldehydic note. 

Uses. Cinnamic alcohol is valuable in perfumery for its odor and fixative properties. It is a component of many flower compositions (lilac, hyacinth, and lily of the valley) and is a starting material for cinnamyl esters, several of which are valuable fragrance materials. In aromas, the alcohol is used for cinnamon notes and for rounding off fruit aromas. It is used as an intermediate in many syntheses (e.g., for pharmaceuticals such as the antibiotic Chloromycetin). 

C11H16O2, Mr 180.25, Wq 1.4938, is a liquid with a mushroom-like, earthy odor. It is used for green nuances in flower compositions. 

The compound is more stable than cyclamenaldehyde and is a popular component of flower compositions, particularly lily of the valley and linden types, because of its mild, pleasant, blossom fragrance. Large quantities are used in soap and cosmetic perfumes. 

C10H14O2, Mr 166.22, bp QQ 2 kpa 219-221 °C, d18 1.004, is a colorless liquid with a strong, rose-petal odor. The dimethyl acetal is more stable than phenylacetaldehyde itself. It imparts a herbal green note to many flower compositions. 

C13H10O, Mt 182.22, bp(,3 kPa 200.5 °C, d50 1.976, has been identified as a flavor component of grapes. It is a colorless, crystalline solid (mp 48.1 °C) with a rosy, slightly geranium-like odor. It can be prepared in several ways, for example, by Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene and benzoyl chloride with aluminum chloride, or of benzene and carbon tetrachloride, and subsequent hydrolysis of the resulting a,a-dichlorodiphenylmethane. Benzophenone can also be prepared by oxidation of diphenylmethane. It is used in flower compositions and as a fixative. 

Table 19. Comparative Composition of Components of the Volatile Concentrates of Two Different Osmanthus Flowers...

In an important next step, it has been found that flowers and other plant parts can be analyzed by using head space techniques without removing them from the living plant (3). It was immediately observed that there are remarkable differences in the volatile compositions observed from Hve and picked flowers. This is exemplified for jasmine flowers in Table 3. Reconstitutions produced from this information have provided perfumers with novel and fresh notes for use in their creations. This technique continues to be appHed to many kinds and varieties of flowers, leaves (herbs, spices), and fmits. The reasons for the remarkable differences observed are not known. 

Mondello et al. (54) have developed some applications of on-line HPLC-HRGC and HPLC-HRGC/MS in the analysis of citrus essential oils. In particular, they used LC-GC to determine the enantiomeric ratios of monoterpene alcohols in lemon, mandarin, bitter orange and sweet orange oils. LC-GC/MS was used to study the composition of the most common citrus peel, citrus leaf (petitgrain) and flower (neroli) oils. The oils were separated into two fractions, i.e. mono- and sesquiterpene... 

The differences in composition between the two essential oils examined show well, if they be compared with those which exist between the essential oils of the leaves and the inflorescences, that the distribution of the odorous principles between the leaf, the organ of production, and the flower, the organ of consumption, tends to take place according to their relative solubilities. But this tendency may be inhibited, or on the other hand, it may be favoured by the chemical metamorphoses which the substances undergo at any particular point of their passage or at any particular centre of accumulation. Thus, in the present case, some of the least soluble principles, the esters of menthol, are most abundant in the oil of the leaves, whilst another, menthone, is richest in the oil of an organ to which there go, by circulation, nevertheless, the most soluble portions. This is because this organ (the flower) constitutes the. medium in which the formation of this insoluble principle is particularly active. 

Figure 13 Oxy-acetylene panel test showing the survival of a flower kept on the asbestos-CNSL polymer composite of thickness 6.35 x 10 m.

Fig. 1. Relative composition of root microsomal membranes from 24 land races, varieties and breeding lines of rice which differ in their salt resistance. Campesterol, Stigmasterol and Sitosterol as % of total sterols 16 0, 18 1, 18 2 and 18 3 fatty acids as % of total fatty acids Na transport on a relative scale from (1) lowest to (9) highest. Data of D.R. Lachno, T.J. Flowers A.R. Yeo (unpublished).

Serra Bonvehi, J., Gomez-Pajuelo, A., and Gonell-Galindo, F. (1987). Composition, physicochemical properties and pollen spectrum of various single-flower honeys from Spain. 

The composition of cutin shows species specificity although cutin from most plants contains different types of mixtures of the C16 and C18 family of acids. Composition of cutin can vary with the anatomical location. For example, cutin preparations from fruit, leaf, stigma, and flower petal of Malus pumila contain 73%, 35%, 14%, and 12%, respectively, of hydroxy and hydroxy-epoxy C18 monomers [23]. In general, fast-growing plant organs have higher content of C16 family of monomers. 

In 1965 Seshardri et al. described the isolation of an unknown terpenoid acid B obtained from the lichens of Lobaria retigera in the western Himalayas [8]. (Note that this annotation bears no relation to the subsequent nomenclature later defined by Corey and Shibata.) Four collections had been made in the summer of 1962 from under the Rutba plants in the Valley of Flowers (12,500 feet) and on the way to Hemkund Lokpal (13,500 feet) and from underneath rocks and from pine trees in Ganghariya (10,000 feet). The samples were subjected to a series of increasingly polar extractions (petroleum ether, diethyl ether, acetone). The unknown terpenoid acid B was present in all petroleum ether extracts, except that of the sample obtained from the Valley of Flowers, in compositions ranging from 0.47 % to... 

Because of the diaphoretic and laxative effects, the composition of Sambuci flos (Sambucus negra L., black elder) has been extensively investigated by TLC. Samples for TLC analysis were preparated by refluxing 1.0 g of air-dried, powdered flowers of Sambucus negra with 10 ml of methanol for 30 min. The suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated and redissolved in 5 ml of methanol. Separation was performed on silica layers using 10 different mobile phases 1 = ethyl acetate-formic acid-acetic acid-water (100 11 11 27, v/v) 2 = ethyl acetate-formic acid-water (8 1 1, v/v) 3 = ethyl acetate-formic acid-water (88 6 6, v/v) 4 = ethyl acetate-methyl-ethyl ketone-formic acid-water (50 30 10 10, v/v) 5 = ethyl acetate-methyl-ethyl ketone-formic acid-water (60 15 3 2, v/v) 6 = ethyl acetate-formic acid-acetic acid-methyl-ethyl... 

The anthocyanin composition of flowers has also been frequently investigated by chromatographic methods. Acylated anthocyanins and flavonols have been extracted from the flowers of Dendrobium cv. Pompadour and separated by TLC and RP-HPLC techniques. Fresh flowers (approximately. 1 kg) were extracted with 101 of methanol-acetic acid-water (4 1 5, v/v), and the extract was concentrated and analysed by preparative and analytical RP-HPLC using ODS columns (150 X 19 mm i.d. and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d.) at 40°C. The gradient consisted of methanol-water-acetic acid in various volume ratios. Flow rates were 4 and 1 ml/min for preparative and analytical separations, respectively. Cyanidin 3- (6-malonylglucoside)-7,3 -di(6-synapilglucoside) and the demalonyl derivative were detected in the flowers [261],... 

T. Onozaki, M. Mato, M. Shiata and H. Ikeda, Differences in flower color and pigment composition among white carnation (Danthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars. Sci. Hort. 82 (1999) 103-111. 

Table 7.1 presents essential oil composition of dry chamomile flowers from individual natural sites and years of their collection in the East-Slovakian Lowland. 

Before 1990 the composition of isoflavones in soy foods was thought to be largely determined by whether the food had been fermented. Fermented foods (e.g., miso and tempeh) contain the unconjugated isoflavones agycones, while non-fermented food (e.g., tofu, soy flower, and soy milk) contain the conjugated glucoside. Subsequent experiments have demonstrated that fermentation of soy decreased the isoflavone content of the food product, but increased the urinary isoflavonoid recovery, suggesting that fermentation increases availability of isoflavones in soy (Slavin et al., 1998). 

---