Anatomical location

Mjor, I. A. (1985). Frequency of secondary caries at various anatomical locations. Operative Dentistry, 10, 88-92. 

Empirical therapy should be based on patient- and antimicrobial-specific factors such as the anatomic location of the infection, the likely pathogens associated with the presentation, the potential for adverse effects, and the antimicrobial spectrum of activity. 

Findings on physical examination, along with the clinical presentation, can help to provide the anatomic location of the infection. Once the anatomic site is identified, the most probable pathogens associated with disease can be determined based on likely endogenous or exogenous flora. 

Most initial antimicrobial therapy is empirical because cultures usually have not had sufficient time to identify a pathogen. Empirical therapy should be based on patient- and antimicrobial-specific factors such as the anatomic location of the infection, the likely pathogens associated with the presentation, the potential for adverse effects in a given patient, and the antimicrobial spectrum of activity. Prompt initiation of appropriate therapy is paramount in hospitalized patients who are critically ill. Patients who receive initial antimicrobial therapy that provides coverage against the causative pathogen survive at twice the rate of patients who do not receive adequate therapy initially.8... 

Monocytes A leukocyte that protects against blood-borne pathogens which rapidly moves to sites of infection in tissues. Monocytes consist of 3% to 8% of the leukocytes in the blood. In tissues, monocytes mature into different types of macrophages at different anatomic locations. Their main function is phagocytosis of foreign material, cellular debris, and pathogens that are not effectively controlled by neutrophils. 

Orthotopic Placing a transplanted organ into the normal anatomic location. 

Sanmartin, M.L., Iglesias, R., Santamarina, M.T., Leiro,J. and Ubeira, F.M. (1991) Anatomical location of phosphorylcholine and other antigens on encysted TrichineUa using immunohistochemistry followed by Wheadey s trichrome stain. Parasitology Research 77, 301-306. 

The composition of cutin shows species specificity although cutin from most plants contains different types of mixtures of the C16 and C18 family of acids. Composition of cutin can vary with the anatomical location. For example, cutin preparations from fruit, leaf, stigma, and flower petal of Malus pumila contain 73%, 35%, 14%, and 12%, respectively, of hydroxy and hydroxy-epoxy C18 monomers [23]. In general, fast-growing plant organs have higher content of C16 family of monomers. 

The anatomic location of the GI infection influences the selection of the antimicrobial agent and the route of... 

Table 9.5 The major cellular sources of human TNF-p. As is evident, TNF-a synthesis is not restricted to cells of the immune system, but is undertaken by a wide variety of different cells in different anatomical locations, including the brain...

The individual subtypes of receptors often show discrete anatomical locations in the peripheral nervous system, and this has facilitated their classification. Nicotinic receptors are found in peripheral ganglia and skeletal muscle. Upon innervation of skeletal muscle, receptors congregate in the junctional or postsynaptic endplate area. Upon denervation or in noninnervated embryonic muscle, the receptors are distributed across the surface of the muscle,... 

Level 4 of the screen determines the spectrum of activity of the compounds against a wide range of tumor and normal cells derived from different anatomical locations. Tumor cells should include those from patients with different diagnoses and grading, metastatic tumors, and chemoresistant tumors. To properly stratify a compound s in vitro antitumor potency and selectivity, a minimum of 25 to 30 tumor specimens from different patients should be tested. 

There is still some controversy over the precise anatomical location of the dopamine receptor subtypes, but there is now evidence that the D2 receptors are located presynaptically on the corticostriatal neurons and postsynaptically in the striatum and substantia nigra. Conversely, the receptors are found presynaptically on nigrostriatal neurons, and postsynaptically in the cortex. It is possible to differentiate these receptor types on the basis of their agonist and antagonist affinities. 

One of the most commonly used medical devices is the stent, (Fig. 21.1), small metallic structures that are expanded in blood vessels, functioning to maintain the patency (freedom from obstruction) of the vessel in which it is placed. Although the first use of stents was in vasculature (blood vessel systems), more recent applications include, for example, implantation between two vertebrae to increase the rigidity of the spine. A typical vascular stent is placed in its anatomical location and then either plastically deformed/expanded (stainless steel) or allowed to expand to a predetermined size, as a consequence of shape memory (nitinol). 

The assignment of a lesion into one of these types is purely morphological and based on the anatomical location of the tumor or the best estimate of its epicenter for those with advanced disease. Classification can be performed easily based on a combination of contrast radiography, upper endoscopy, and CT (38). In a retrospective analysis of 74 patients with gastric cancer, the preoperative classification had a high correlation (95%) to the final classification based on the resected specimen (39). 

There are differences between the receptors on nerves (presynaptic receptors) and those on effector cells (postsynaptic receptors). Furthermore, some a-agonists and antagonists exhibit selectivity for one of these receptor types. Terminology classifies receptors as either i or tt2. i-Receptors are those whose stimulation has traditionally been associated with the postsynaptic a-receptors of smooth muscle, while a2-receptors are those originally associated with the presynaptic a-re-ceptors of peripheral nerves. However, the designation of receptors as either or 2 cannot be categorized strictly by anatomical location (i.e., presynaptic or postsynaptic), since evidence now indicates that az-recep-tors occupy, in addition to peripheral nerves, a variety of sites including smooth muscle, adrenal medullary cells, the brain, and melanocytes. 

Rougier et al. reported that the percutaneous penetration of benzoic acid in human skin depended on the anatomical location of the skin. The rank order in skin permeability of benzoic acid appears to be arm < abdomen < postauricular < forehead [49]. 

Clinicians characterize tics by their anatomical location, number, frequency, and duration. The intensity or forcefulness of the tic can also be an important characteristic as some tics call attention to themselves simply by virtue of their exaggerated character. Finally, tics vary in terms of their complexity, which usually refers to how simple or involved a movement or sound is, ranging from brief, meaningless, abrupt fragments (simple tics) to ones that are longer, more involved, and seemingly more goal directed in character (complex tics). Each of these elements has been... 

The composition of the cell membrane varies from one anatomical location to another. For example, the cell membranes of neurons are 75% lipid and 25% protein, while those of epithelial cells in the intestinal villi are 75% protein and 25% lipid. The mixture of lipids that constitutes the cell membranes of neurons is different from that found in other organ systems the same applies to the membrane proteins of neurons. Cell membranes are dynamic structures the phospholipids and fatty acids are in a state of constant turnover the protein components tend to turnover with a cycle ranging from 9 days to 6 months. 

Historically and romantically, the heartbeat is recognized as the quintessential hallmark of life. Normally, the heart beats at 60-100 beats per minute (bpm), with each beat yielding a ventricular contraction that ejects blood out to the body. Each heartbeat is an electrical event that originates from a collection of electrically excitable cells within the heart called the sinoatrial node (SA), anatomically located at the upper pole of the heart. The sinoatrial node is the primary pacemaker of the heart. The electrical impulse generated in the sinoatrial node spreads rapidly downward from the atria chambers of the heart and reaches the atrioventricular node (AV), a collection of electrically excitable cells that constitutes the electrical interface between the atria and ventricles of the heart. Erom the AV node, the impulse propagates throughout the ventricles via an electrical conduction system referred to as the His-Purkinje system. The electrical transmission... 

Quartara and Maggi (1998) summarize evidence for the involvement of NKi receptors in nociceptive transmission as follows (1) NKi receptors are expressed at appropiate anatomical locations for noxious input in the spinal cord. (2) Spinal cord receptor expression undergoes... 

Figure 23-7 shows the anatomic location of the major endocrine glands in humans, and Figure 23-8 represents the chain of command in the hormonal signaling hierarchy. The hypothalamus, a small region of the brain (Fig. 23-9), is the coordination center of the... 

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