Fleshing

Animals that do not readily accept pelleted feeds may be enticed to do so if the feed carries an odor that induces ingestion. Color development is an important consideration in aquarium species and some animals produced for human food. External coloration is desired in aquarium species. Pink flesh in cultured salmon is desired by much of the consuming pubHc. Coloration, whether external or of the flesh, can be achieved by incorporating ingredients that contain pigments or by adding extracts or synthetic compounds. One class of additives that imparts color is the carotenoids. 

Several species of the moray eel (Gymnothorax) have caused toxic reactions, especially ki Japan. The toxic principle appears to be protekiaceous and is found predominately ki the blood but it may occur ki the flesh as well. Its exact stmcture remains somewhat uncertain. 

In Eigure 1, the lower edge of the drawing is the flesh side of the hide. The hide, as it is removed from an animal, has body fat and a thin membrane separating the hide from the fat and flesh of the body of the animal. The area near the inside of the hide is made up of the heaviest fibers of the hide. 

Soa.king. The hides are weighed and counted into production batches. For pre-fleshed and trimmed catde hides the batches are about 3—5 t when the processing is in dmms. If the tannery has hide processors the batches may be up to 10 t. Water is added to cover the hides and allow free movement of the load. The dmm is turned intermittently during the normal 8 to 16-hour soaking period. 

Trimming and Fleshing. The limed hides not fleshed before curing are usually trimmed and fleshed at this point in the production. The trimming is done by hand to remove any portions of the hide that could interfere with the subsequent machine processes, eg, the shanks, ears, and snout. 

The fleshing is done on a multiroller machine that pulls the hide over a rotating blade, similar to a milling machine that cuts off the flesh from the inside of the hide. The machine includes a mbber roUer that holds the hide near the rotating fleshing blades. Through the adjustment of the clearances or the thickness of the hides and the resiUence of the mbber roUer the flesh is effectively removed regardless of the differences in the thickness of the hide from back to belly and flanks. 

The flesh and trimmings may be discarded as a waste in small tanneries. In the larger tanneries, the economies of size warrant the recovery of the fleshings for rendering or for glue or gelatin. 

Buffiag may be only to remove surface blemishes such as iasect bites or minor healed scratches, or the buffing may be to make a suede surface. Newbuck is a light suedeiag of the grain of catde hide leather. Sheepskin suede is usually buffed on the flesh side of the skin. SpHts may be buffed to make buck shoe leather or heavy garment leather, often called ranch hide. The variations depend on the desires of the customer. 

The processing of hides and skins into leather results in a large quantity of waste materials (9). The hide in the salt-cured condition contains salt in a crystalline form, water as salt solution, and as hide Hquid components, flesh, blood, manure, and surface dirt from the animal. 

Leather. Natural leather is made from hides, which are salted and cured, then taimed. Through the preparing process, useless matter which caimot be taimed, such as outerskin (epidermis) and flesh, are removed, leaving the tme skin (corium). In the tanning process, the fluid matter which maintains the skin in a flexible and moist condition is removed, and there remains nothing but the fibrous portion to be acted on by the tanning chemicals (1-3). 

There are two manganese(II) sulfides, MnS and MnS2. Manganese(II) disulfide contains a S—S bond and has a pyrite stmcture. When a solution of a manganous salt is treated with ammonium sulfide, a flesh-colored hydrated precipitate is formed which is comprised of MnS and Mn(II)S2. This mixture very slowly changes to the mote stable green-black MnS. 

Fats and fatty oils). For the most part, oil is contained in the kernel or embryo of the seed, though it can also occur in the flesh of the ginkgo fmit and in the endosperm of coconut, palm, and pine nuts. Relative amounts of some fatty acids present in a few types of nuts are given in Table 5. Considerable variations in the percentages of fatty acids have also been reported in both pecan and peanut oils from a variety of sources. (Table 6). (For main physical characteristics and the composition of nut oils, see Fats and fatty oils. 

Bone Fractures. A dislocation occurs when sudden pressure or force pulls a bone out of its socket at the joint. This is also known as subluxation. Bone fractures are classified into two categories simple fractures and compound, complex, or open fractures. In the latter the skin is pierced and the flesh and bone are exposed to infection. A bone fracture begins to heal nearly as soon as it occurs. Therefore, it is important for a bone fracture to be set accurately as soon as possible. 

Both the adult and the larval cysticerci (bladderworm) of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) are able to Hve in humans the parasite is found sporadically in uncooked pork. In the stomach, the larva is digested out of the pork flesh it then grows and attaches to the wall of the small intestine. Maturity is reached in 5—12 weeks. The adult is 5 m long, and untreated adult worms may survive for 25 years. 

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

The low temperature which, if the materials come into contact with the body, can cause severe tissue burns. Flesh may stick fast to cold uninsulated pipes or vessels and tear on attempting to withdraw it. The low temperatures may also cause failure of service materials due to embrittlement metals can become sensitive to fracture by shock. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Suitable respirator (For dust) rubber gloves chemical goggles or face shield Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation of dust causes irritation of nose and throat. Ingestion can cause irritation or corrosion of the alimentary tract, circulatory collapse, and toxic nephritis. Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION move to flesh air if exposure has been severe, gel medical attention. 

The process has two main sources of waste water. These are the condensate streams from the steam strippers. The principal pollutant in both wastewater streams is phenol. Phenol is of concern primarily because of its toxicity, oxygen depletion, and turbidity. In addition, phenol can cause objectionable taste and odor in fish flesh and potable water. 

TABLE 6.11 Cooling Power of Wind on Ex(>osed Flesh Expressed as a Chilling Temperature, t hi under Almost Calm Conditions... 

TABLE 6.12 Wind Chill Index, WCI, Chilling Temperature, and Effect on Exposed Flesh... 

Before treatment with ammonia valine (hRf 45 — 50), isoleucine (hRf 65 — 70) and leucine (hRf 70 — 75) produced red chromatogram zones and phenylalanine (hRf 55—60) violet chromatogram zones on a pale pink background. After treatment with ammonia all four amino acids appeared as violet chromatogram zones on a flesh-colored background these zones were stable over an extended period. 

In the course of assessing your company s current PSM status, you and your team have almost certainly gained a clear sense of which facilities pose the greatest risk, whether by virtue of inherent process hazards, human factors, management systems, or a combination. As you set priorities for implementation you should closely review information gleaned from the assessment tasks. In addition, you should try to validate or flesh out your impressions through some more quantitative analysis that can help to identify priority facilities. 

Aas, n. fleshings, scrapings (from hides) ear-rion, carcass groats, aasen, v.t. flesh (hides). 

Aas>geruch, m. carrion odor, schmiere, /. Leather) flesh-side dubbing. -seite, /. (Leather) flesh side. 

Anschwemmfilter, n, settling filter, Anschwddebreit m. Leather) liming paste, aoschwdden, v.t. paint (the flesh side of hides) with lime,... 

---