Flame Ionisation Detection

Suitable PLOT columns for the determination of vinyl chloride monomer in PVC include 15.00 m, 0.53 mm bonded polystyrene-divinyl benzene and 30 m, 0.53 mm porous divinyl benzene homopolymer types. Typical responses for vinyl chloride monomer standards (0.06, 0.19 and 0.31 mg/1) in N,N-d imethylaceta-mide expressed as mg/kg vinyl chloride (PVC sample) using the 30 m homopolymer column and flame ionisation detection are shown in Figure 38. An automatic static headspace sampler was employed. 

Headpace GC with electron-capture or flame-ionisation detection. Quantification by standard addition using 1-chloropropane internal standard Headspace GC of the polymer dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide with detection by electron-capture or flame-ionisation detection. Headpspace GC of the plastic if not soluble... 

Headpace GC of simulants with flame ionisation detection. Methyl propionate internal standard... 

Part 21 Determination of ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine in food simulants Derivitization of the free amine using ethyl chloroformate followed by GC with flame ionisation detection... 

Part 28 Determination of 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane (TMP) in food simulants Aqueous food simulants are saturated with potassium carbonate and extracted with ethanol/ethyl acetate. After evaporation of solvent the extracted TMP is silyated with trimethylsilylimidazole in pyridine and determined by GC with flame ionisation detection... 

The sulfur compounds that are present in minor quantities in petroleum products also exhibit a typical gas chromatographic fingerprint easily obtained by flame photometric detection. This fingerprint has been introduced to complement the flame ionisation detection chromatogram with the aim of resolving the ambiguities or increasing the reliability in the identification of the pollutants [74]. 

Ylinen et al. [53] developed an ion-pair extraction procedure employing tetrabutylamonium (TBA) counter ions for determination of PFOA in plasma and urine in combination with gas chromatography (GC) and flame ionisation detection (FID). Later on, Hansen et al. [35] improved the sensitivity of the ion-pair extraction approach using methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and by the inclusion of a filtration step to remove solids from the extract making it amenable to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination. Ion-pair extraction procedure has been the basis of several procedures for biota [49,54-58] and food samples [50,59,60]. However, this method has shown to have some limitations, such as (1) co-extraction of lipids and other matrix constituents and the absence of a clean-up step to overcome the effects of matrix compounds and (2) the wide variety of recoveries observed, typically ranging. 

A typical application of GC to the determination of a drug in plasma is in the determination of the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid after solid phase extraction (see Ch. 15) by GC with flame ionisation detection. In this procedure, caprylic acid, which is isomeric with valproic acid, was used as an internal standard. The limit of detection for the drug was 1 pg/ml of plasma. The trace shown in Figure 11.25 indicates the more extensive interference from background peaks extracted from the biological matrix which occurs in bioanalysis compared to the quality control of bulk materials. 

An example of the use of GC with nitrogen selective detection is in the quantification of bupivacaine in plasma. Bupivacaine contains two nitrogen atoms in its structure which makes it a good candidate for this type of analysis. The limits of detection which can be achieved with a nitrogen selective detector for this compound are much better than methods based on flame ionisation detection, which are much less selective. 

Compositional analyses of flavour compounds in fresh and processed fruits are often of limited value because it is clear that compounds with very low aroma thresholds can have dominant effects upon fruit flavour. Moreover after processing, the compounds with the primary influence on flavour may change. Quantification of individual aroma compounds is also problematic requiring high resolution gas chromatographs linked to ion-trap or related detectors (HRGC/MS) although flame-ionisation detection is often more convenient. 

The major volatile components in mandarin peel oil have been separated and quantified using capillary GC with flame ionisation detection/MS detection [7, 55, 56]. The identities and relative composition of 17-85 volatiles were reported. 

Fig. 17.13 Precolvimn (a, flame ionisation detection) and main column (b, selected ion monitoring detection)-chromatograms of a raspberry extract [71]...

Gas chromatograph with a flame ionisation detection system, equipped with a capillary column (25 m, 0.22 mm inner diameter, i.d., 0.25 pm stationary phase, 100% dimethyl siloxane). 

Low, N.H. and Hammond, D.A. (1996) Detection of high fiuctose syrup from inulin in apple juice by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection . Fruit Processing 4, 135-41. 

Commonly used methods for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil are modifications of the EPA method 418.1, which uses sonication or Soxhlet extraction to separate the hydrocarbons from the soil prior to either infrared spectroscopy [ 1 ] or gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection [2,3]. 

Soulages, N. L. Simultaneous determination of lead alkyls and halide scavengers in gasoline by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection. Anal. Chem. 38, 28(1966). 

McAuliff [15] reported that the sampling errors caused in the injection of water-hydrocarbon mixture on to a gas chromatographic column can be overcome by the addition of acetone for solubilisation only when the hydrocarbon chain length is less than 12. The emulsified sample is injected directly on to a column 1.2mx6mm of 10% of SE-30 on Chromosorb W HMDS (80-100 mesh) operated at 170-210°C, with hydrogen flame ionisation detection. Results are given for the hydrocarbons from Cn to Ci8. 

Gas chromatography has found some applications in the determination of simple aromatics in water. Mel kanovitskaya [31] has described a method for determining C6-C8 aromatics in subterranean waters. In this method the sample (25-50mL) is adjusted to pH8-9 and extracted for 3min with 0.5 or l.OmL of nitrobenzene the extract is washed with 0.3mL of 5% hydrochloric acid or 5% sodium hydroxide solution and with 0.3mL of water adjusted to pH7. The purified extract is subjected to gas chromatography at 85°C on a column (lm><4mm) packed with 15% of polyoxyethylene glycol 2000 on Celite 545 (60-80 mesh) and operated with nitrogen (lOmL min ) as carrier gas, decane as internal standard and flame ionisation detection. 

Hermanson el al. [71] used an aluminium column (276cmx4mm) packed with 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W supporting 8.9% of amine 220 at 95°C with nitrogen as carrier gas and flame ionisation detection. A rectilinear response was obtained between peak area and amount of propylamine, dipropylamine, and propanol between 0.2 and 2.0gg. 

Amino-terminated telechelic polybutadiene was prepared by LiAlH4 reduction of amidino end-group in polybutadiene, which was polymerised by a water-soluble initiator, 2,2 -azobis(amidinopropane)dihydrochloride. The structure was analysed by 1H- and 13C-NMR, but functionality of 2.0 was obtained by a titration method [70]. Synthesis of co-epoxy-functionalised polyisoprene was carried out by the reaction of 2-bromoethyloxirane with living polymer that was initiated with sec-butyl lithium. The functionality of the resulting polyisoprene was 1.04 by 1H-NMR and 1.00 by thin layer chromatography detected with flame ionisation detection [71]. 

The working principle is as follows The level of butadiene in a food or food simulant is determined by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) with automated sample injection and by flame ionisation detection (FID). Quantification is achieved using an internal standard (n-pentane) with calibration against relevant food simulant samples fortified with known amounts of butadiene. Confirmation of butadiene levels is car-... 

Ballschmiter K, Zoller W, Schafer W, Class T (1985), Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 321 247-251. Quantitation of polychlorodibenzodioxin and polychlorobiphenyl standards by gas-chromatography-flame ionisation detection"... 

Because of its low specificity and sensitivity flame ionisation detection (FID) can only be used in the analysis of standard substances [37]. The same limited application is envisaged for the method with the microwave-induced plasma emission detector, which is not sensitive enough for environmental samples [2]. 

The hydrocarbon oil index within PLC-4 was determined in accordance with the draft standard ISO/DIS 9377-4, which has recently been adopted as ISO/FDIS 9377-2 [2], Briefly, water samples are extracted with n-hexane or petroleum ether. After clean-up of the extracts on a Florisil column, hydrocarbons are detected and quantified by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID, Fig. 1). 

Seven participants used mass selective detection (MSD), two used flame ionisation detection (FID). In case of MSD, the appropriate masses were monitored for the PAHs... 

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