Mandarin peel

Chafer, M., Gonzalez-Martinez, C., Ortola, M.D., Chiralt, A., and Fito, P. 2001b. Kinetics of osmotic dehydration in orange and mandarin peels. J. Food Process Engineer. 24, 273-289. 

Mandarin oil is obtained by cold pressing the peel of mandarin oranges, the fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae). The oil is a greenish-yellow to reddish-orange liquid, depending on the degree of ripeness of the fruit, with a pale blue fluorescence and a characteristic odor, reminiscent of mandarin peel. 

Mandarin peel oil volatiles contain many of the same volatiles as orange peel oil however, there are a few differences such as elevated levels of dimethyl an-thranilate and thymol. It has been reported [54] that the characteristic mandarin peel oil aroma was due to a combination of dimethyl anthranilate, thymol, a-terpinene and /1-pinene. 

The major volatile components in mandarin peel oil have been separated and quantified using capillary GC with flame ionisation detection/MS detection [7, 55, 56]. The identities and relative composition of 17-85 volatiles were reported. 

EM Gaydou, JP Bianchini, RP Randriamiharisoa. Orange and mandarin peel oils differentiation using polymethoxylated flavone composition. J Agric Food Chem 35 525-529, 1987. 

Non-cyclic sesquiterpenes include the volatiles a- and (3-farnesene (which have alarm pheromone activity) and pleasant odorants from Citrus sinsensis (orange) (Rutaceae), namely a- and [i-sinensal (mandarin peel odour) and nerolidol from orange flower oil (oil of neroli). The epoxide JH III is produced by Cyperus iria (Cyperaceae) and acts critically on insect development. 

Hayat K. Hussain S. Abbas S. Farooq U. Ding B. Xia S. Jia C. Zhang X. Xia W. 2009. Optimized microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic acids from citrus mandarin peels and evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro. Sep. Purif. Technol. 70 63-70. 

Naturally abundant monoterpene aldehydes include (-)-perillaaldehyde in mandarin peel oil Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae) and Perilla arguta (Labiatae) as well as phel-landral in the oil of water fennel Phellandrium aquaticum, Umbelliferae)... 

More sensitive human noses can even distinguish between enantiomeric terpene hydrocarbons (i )-(+)-Limonene, the major constituent of the ethereal oil of mandarin peels, is recognized as a characteristic clean orange fragrance, while the (S)-(-)-enantiomer from the oil of fir-cones radiates a less pleasant orange odor with a touch of turpentine. Fig. 15 illustrates the sensitivity of the human olfactory organ by means of the limonene enantiomers between it may differentiate. 

Manassero, C. A., Girotti, J. R., Mijailovsky, S., de Bravo, M. G., and Polo, M. (2013). In vitro comparative analysis of antiproliferative activity of essential oil from mandarin peel and its principal component limonene. 27 16), 1475-1478. 

Mandarin peels Deionized water 400 W 3 min Polyphenols Ahmad and Langrish 2012 [99]... 

Mandarin peels 66% methanol 152 W 49 s Phenolic acids Hayat et al. 2009 [106]... 

Ahmad J, Langrish TAG (2012) Optimisation of total phenolic acids extraction from mandarin peels using microwave energy The importance of the Maillard reaction. J Food Engin 109(1) 162-174... 

Carvone, the main component of spearmint oil, is an oily liquid at room temperature. It occurs naturally in spearmint, caraway seed, dill seed, gingergrass, and mandarin peel. Because of its pleasant aroma and flavor, carvone is added to liqueurs, chewing gum, soaps, and perfumes. It is one of a number of naturally occurring essential oils that have been used as spices, perfumes, and medicines for thousands of years. 

Carvone is an oxygenated monoterpenoid found in spearmint oil, caraway and dill seed oils, mandarin peel, and gingergrass oil (Craveiro et al., 1981). It exists as a... 

---