Inner diameter

Zone 3 The area of coverage interacting with the slot is approximatively constant. The impedance change is constant. This situation is true over the probe inner diameter, that is to say when the other inner coil reaches the edge of the slot. The range of the zone is [x2 x3]... 

Fig. 1 The view of the polar display with monitors arcs and control panel for SFT6000N board parameters. Recorded signal is from the eddy current probe moved along in a brass tube of inner diameter 20 mm with 2 mm holes as artificial flaws. SFT6000N card operates with 40 kHz injection voltage firequency.

In capillary electrophoresis the conducting buffer is retained within a capillary tube whose inner diameter is typically 25-75 pm. Samples are injected into one end of the capillary tube. As the sample migrates through the capillary, its components separate and elute from the column at different times. The resulting electrophero-gram looks similar to the chromatograms obtained in GG or HPLG and provides... 

Capillary Tubes Figure 12.42 shows a cross section of a typical capillary tube. Most capillary tubes are made from fused silica coated with a 20-35-)J,m layer of poly-imide to give it mechanical strength. The inner diameter is typically 25-75 )J,m, which is smaller than that for a capillary GC column, with an outer diameter of 200-375 )J,m. 

McKillop and associates have examined the electrophoretic separation of alkylpyridines by CZE. Separations were carried out using either 50-pm or 75-pm inner diameter capillaries, with a total length of 57 cm and a length of 50 cm from the point of injection to the detector. The run buffer was a pH 2.5 lithium phosphate buffer. Separations were achieved using an applied voltage of 15 kV. The electroosmotic flow velocity, as measured using a neutral marker, was found to be 6.398 X 10 cm s k The diffusion coefficient,... 

Fig. 10. Expansion curve for FCC catalyst in a 0.15-m inner diameter column showing the fluidization regimes where the numbers on the lines correspond...

The minimum velocity requited to maintain fully developed turbulent flow, assumed to occur at Reynolds number (R ) of 8000, is inside a 16-mm inner diameter tube. The physical property contribution to the heat-transfer coefficient inside and outside the tubes are based on the following correlations (39) ... 

BFW = boiling water, CW = cooling water, and ID = inner diameter. 

Solution (Wet) Spinning. In the most widely used solution spinnerette system (60) the spinnerette consists of two concentric capillaries, the outer capillary having a diameter of approximately 400 ]Am and the central capillary having an outer diameter of approximately 200 ]lni and an inner diameter of 100 ]lni. Polymer solution is forced through the outer capillary while air or Hquid is forced through the inner one. The rate at which the core fluid is injected into the fibers relative to the flow of polymer solution governs the ultimate wall thickness of the fiber. Figure 19 shows a cross section of this type of spinnerette. 

Ra.m Tensile. A ram tensile test has been developed to evaluate the bond-2one tensile strength of explosion-bonded composites. The specimen is designed to subject the bonded interface to a pure tensile load. The cross-section area of the specimen is the area of the aimulus between the outer and inner diameters of the specimen. The specimen typically has a very short tensile gauge length and is constmcted so as to cause failure at the bonded interface. The ultimate tensile strength and relative ductihty of the explosion-bonded interface can be obtained by this technique. 

Fig. 13. Scanning election micrograph of polyacrylonitrile fibrils formed by spraying a 0.05 wt % polyacrylonitrile in dimetbylform amide solution into CO2 through a 50-//m inner diameter, 18-cm-long no22le at a temperature of 40°C, density of 0.66 g/mL, and solution flow rate of 0.36 ml,/min (118).

Figure 4 is a schematic of a typical hemodialyzer. Although other geometries are stiH employed, the preferred format is a hoUow fiber hemodialyzer about 25 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter. Devices typically contain 6,000 to 10,000 capillaries, each with an inner diameter of 200 p.m and a wall thickness of around 10 p.m. Mean total membrane surface area is 1.1 0.4. Well over 60 million hemodialyzers were produced in 1992. Because of... 

Noncircular Channels Calciilation of fric tional pressure drop in noncircular channels depends on whether the flow is laminar or tumu-lent, and on whether the channel is full or open. For turbulent flow in ducts running full, the hydraulic diameter shoiild be substituted for D in the friction factor and Reynolds number definitions, Eqs. (6-32) and (6-33). The hydraiilic diameter is defined as four times the channel cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter. For example, the hydraiilic diameter for a circiilar pipe is = D, for an annulus of inner diameter d and outer diameter D, = D — d, for a rectangiilar duct of sides 7, h, Dij = ah/[2(a + h)].T ie hydraulic radius Rii is defined as one-fourth of the hydraiilic diameter. 

Annulus, inner diameter Di outer diameter Do (Lamb, op. cit., p. 587) ... 

Example 6 Losses with Fittings and Valves It is desired to calculate the liquid level in the vessel shown in Fig. 6-15 required to produce a discharge velocity of 2 m/s. The fluid is water at 20°C with p = 1,000 kg/m and i = 0.001 Pa - s, and the butterfly valve is at 6 = 10°. The pipe is 2-in Schedule 40, with an inner diameter of 0.0525 m. The pipe roughness is 0.046 mm. Assuming the flow is tiirhiilent and taking the velocity profile factor (X = 1, the engineering Bernoulli equation Eq. (6-16), written between surfaces 1 and 2, where the... 

Aromatic polyamide (aramid) membranes are a copolymer of 1-3 diaminobenzene with 1-3 and 1-4 benzenedicarboxylic acid chlorides. They are usually made into fine hollow fibers, 93 [Lm outer diameter by 43 [Lm inner diameter. Some flat sheet is made for spirals. These membranes are widely used for seawater desalination and to some extent for other process applications. The hollow fibers are capable of veiy high-pressure operation and have considerably greater hydrolytic resistance than does CA. Their packing density in hoUow-fiber form makes them veiy susceptible to colloidal fouling (a permeator 8 inches in diameter contains 3 M fibers), and they have essentially no resistance to chlorine. 

Sample Specifications 4 in. (10 cm) inner diameter, schedule-40 carbon steel pipe... 

Sampie Specifications % in. (1.39 cm) inner diameter, free-machining carbon steel... 

A = Surface area ft based on tube ID C = Gas specific heat. Btu/lb°F d = Tube inner diameter, in. k = Gas thermal conductivity, Btu/ft-h°F L = Tube length, ft N = Total number of tubes in boiler Pr = Gas Prandtl number Q = Duty of the boiler. Btu/h... 

The outer diameter of the shell is approximately 180 A and the inner diameter about 125 A except around the threefold axes, where the N-ter-minal a helices project about 20 A into the core. The RNA molecule that is present in the core is not visible in the electron density map. 

Fig. 14. High resolution TEM observations of three multi-wall carbon nanotubes with N concentric carbon nanotubes with various outer diameters do (a) N = 5, do = 6.7 nm, (b) N = 2, do = 5.5 nm, and (c) N = 7, do = 6.5 nm. The inner diameter of (c) is d = 2.3 nm. Each cylindrical shell is described by its own diameter and chiral angle [151].

A plastic film, 0.1 mm thick, is required to have its orientation in the transverse direction twice that in the machine direction. If the film blowing die has an outer diameter of 100 mm and an inner diameter of 98 mm estimate the blow-up ratio which will be required and the lay flat film width. Neglect extrusion induced effects and assume there is no draw-down. 

The catalytic decomposition of acetylene was carried out in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. A ceramic boat containing 20-100 mg of the catalyst was placed in a quartz lube (inner diameter 4-10 mm, length 60-100 cm). The reaction mixture of 2.5-10% C2H2 (Alphagaz, 99.6%) in Nj (Alphagaz, 99.99%) was passed over the catalyst bed at a rate of 0.15-0.59 mol C2H2 g h for several hours at temperatures in the range 773-1073 K. 

Table 2. Structural parameters, cohesive energies per atom, and spring constant for helices C4(,0 and C,4(, here / and r, are outer and inner diameter of a helix, respeetively...

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