Fish meal protein

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Free substitution of protein meals ia feeds is much more restricted than interchange of oils ia foods. Because of a good balance of essential amino acids, soybean meal is an indispensable ingredient for efficient feeding of nonmminants, eg, poultry and swine. Soybeans provide ca 60% of the world s protein meals, including fish meal (Table 14). Of the 30.0 x 10 t of soybean meal produced in the United States in 1994—1995, 24.2 x 10 t was used domestically, primarily in feeds, and 5.7 x 10 t was exported (50). In the United States, poultry consume the largest share of soybean meal, followed by swine. Lesser amounts are fed to beef and dairy catde. Soybean meal is a principal ingredient in many pet foods (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

This, then, was the scene in which SCP projects were planned in Europe. The need for alternative foods and feedstuffs was clear and, in the UK and elsewhere, oil and gas seemed a plentiful and cheap resource from which to produce them. North Sea gas fields were being exploited and research had shown that natural gas or its derivatives could be used to produce SCP feed of superior protein content to conventional feedstuffs. The economics of such processes seemed very promising. In 1971 the European prices for fish meal and soya meal were 200 and 100 per ton respectively. In 1973 oil price rises and a failure in the Peruvian fish meal supply pushed these prices up to 550 and 300 respectively. With such prices for the major feedstuffs it was considered that SCP feeds could be produced competitively. 

As it can be seen from Table 1 the biggest loses of protein and fat are observed in fish oil and fish meal production. In wastewater the concentration of protein and fat can reach 2.6% and 4%, respectively. 

There are two possibilities dry feed - e.g., fish meal and liquid feed -e.g., fish silage (protein hydrolyzates) [7]. In this research the utilization of sludge for fish silage production has been investigated. 

Animal by-products The USDA banned the use of mammalian bone meal in animal feed in 1997, but still allows such questionable ingredients as chicken feathers, chicken manure, and fish meal to be added to the feed of livestock as protein supplements. 

Other New Markets. Moving away from the automobile fuel market, ICI and Phillips Petroleum have developed single cell protein (SCP) products made by the growth of a microorganism that uses methanol as the sole source of carbon nutrient. These SCP s aim at the animal feed market as high protein additives in competition with skimmed milk powder and fish meal. If this process proves successful it offers a potential future additional consumption of methanol, although not in the same league as the possible fuel market. 

Pepsin Obtained from the glandular layer of hog stomach. White to light-tan, water-soluble powder amber paste or clear amber to brown aqueous liquids. Major active principle pepsin. Typical applications preparation of fish meal and other protein hydrolysates clotting of milk in manufacture of cheese (in combination with rennet). 

Carbohydrase and Protease, Mixed (Bacillus licheniformis var.) Produced as an off-white to brown, amorphous powder or a liquid by controlled fermentation using Bacillus licheniformis var. Soluble in water (the solution is usually light yellow to dark brown) but practically insoluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in ether. Major active principles (1) a-amylase and (2) protease. Typical applications preparation of starch syrups, alcohol, beer, dextrose, fish meal, and protein hydrolysates. 

Solubilizes fish and other proteins, improving yield of useable protein from food processing residues or fish meal... 

Afonso MD, Ferrer J, and Borquez R. An economic assessment of proteins recovery from fish meal effluents by ultraliltration. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2004 15 506-512. 

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