Fish and crustaceans

Other applications — P-carotene is used in various pet foods as both a colorant and a precursor to vitamin A. It can be applied to an array of animal foods designed for dogs, cats, fish, and birds. The antioxidant and precursory vitamin A properties increase the appeal and application of P-carotene in pet foods. Additionally, P-carotene is an important carotenoid that may assist in improving the color of birds, fish, and crustaceans. Dunaliella salina can serve as a source of algal feed for fish and crustaceans. The microalgae provide carotenoids that are essential for flesh coloring, particularly of salmon and crustaceans. 

Davies, P.E., L.S.J. Cook, and D. Goenarso. 1994. Sublethal responses to pesticides of several species of Australian freshwater fish and crustaceans and rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1341-1354. 

Killed significant numbers of fishes and crustaceans (USFWS 1968)... 

Free amino acids have been used as quality indices in various fish and crustacean species. Fish processing and storage conditions decisively influence the free amino acid profile [244], According... 

Although drug biotransformation has been systematically studied in mammalian species for many years, similar investigations in aquatic species have lagged behind mammalian research. Only in the last decade has the importance of biotransformation in fish and crustaceans been recognized (15). 

The sodium content of the body extracellular fluids of marine invertebrates from the coelenterate through the arthropod phyla is approximately that of seawater. In freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates, the sodium of body fluids varies over a wide range and there is considerable variation among vertebrates. There are both fish and crustaceans so highly adaptable that they are able to live in either fresh or salt water. 

Several studies have also focused on the phospholipid requirements in larval fish and crustaceans. In particular, the effects of diets supplemented with different mixtures of phospholipids... 

P Coutteau, I Geurden, MR Camara, P Bergot, P Sorgeloos. Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture. Aquaculture 155 149-164, 1997. 

Immunoassays are extremely important in determination of the content of particular allergens in food, for example, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 allergens in peanuts (Hefle, 2006), tree nuts and seeds in food (Koppelman, 2006), dairy and egg allergens as residues in food (Demeulemester and Giovannacci, 2006), soy, fish, and crustaceans in food (Koppelman, 2006), wheat gluten in food (Janssen, 2006). 

Koppelman, S J. 2006. Detecting soy, fish and crustaceans in food. In Detecting Allergens in Food, S J. Koppelman and S.L. Hefle, Eds., pp. 273-290, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England. 

Class 1 food allergens are mostly found in milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, soybean, wheat, fish, and crustaceans, and one of their characteristics is resistance to heating and enzymatic degradation. T cell epitope mapping with synthetic peptides revealed... 

Animal byproduct meals help fulhll protein and mineral needs in animal feeds. These meals are incorporated into rations for livestock, fish, and crustaceans. The... 

Penguins occasionally dive deeply in their quest for food, which consists primarily of fish and crustaceans. For example. Emperor penguins reportedly can dive 850 ft (260 m) below the surface and remain there for about 18 minutes. 

Tests have generally shown that mammals, fish, and crustaceans are resistant to TFA at concentrations many thousands of times higher than expected... 

Ingestion and inhalation are the primary routes of exposure to cadmium. Dermal contact is not a significant route of exposure. Exposure to cadmium via foodstuffs is common since plants and animals accumulate cadmium from soil or water, especially fish and crustaceans. Cigarette smoke is a major source of cadmium exposure via inhalation. 

Cypermethrin is practically nontoxic to birds but is highly toxic to bees. Fish and crustaceans are extremely sensitive to cypermethrin and pyrethroid compounds in laboratory settings. However, various factors (e.g., sediment binding) may reduce pyrethroid toxicity to these nontarget organisms in a natural environment. 

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