Extracellular body fluids

A 0-9% salt solution is considered to be isotonic with blood. Other electrolytes present include bicarbonate ions (HCOj ) and small amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate and organic acid ions. Included among the complex compounds and present in smaller amounts are phospholipids, cholesterols, natural fats, proteins, glucose and amino acids. Under normal conditions the extracellular body fluid is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7-4. ... 

Sodium, Na(I) has a normal concentration in human serum of 136-145 mmol/L (Tohda 1994) and makes up about 90 % of the cations present. (Many extracellular body fluids possess ranges from 7 mmol/L [mature milk] via 33 [saliva] to 145 mmol/ L [bile]). The reference method for determination is potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes (PISE). 

All eukaryote cells are faced with differences in intracellular solute composition when compared with the external environment. Many eukaryotes live in seawater, and have cells which are either bathed in seawater directly, or have an extracellular body fluid which is broadly similar to seawater [3]. Osmoregulation and body fluid composition in animals has been extensively reviewed (e.g. [3,15-21]), and reveals that many marine invertebrates have body fluids that are iso-osmotic with seawater, but may regulate some electrolytes (e.g. SO2-) at lower levels than seawater. Most vertebrates have a body fluid osmotic pressure (about 320mOsmkg 1), which is about one-third of that in seawater (lOOOmOsmkg ), and also regulate some electrolytes in body fluids at... 

Volumes of the intracellular and extracellular body fluid compartments are kept constant by the osmotic pressure, which is created by the concentration of dissolved ions (electrolytes) in each compartment. The normal osmotic concentration is in the range of 280-310 mOsm/L. 

Antacids, antidiarrheals, and laxatives are considered topical drugs since they work in the gastrointestinal tract which is considered an extracellular body fluid. These drugs, when used correctly, are not appreciably absorbed through the intestinal wall and do not show systemic effects. 

What is the next best thing to studying the activity present in a particular cell type directly A great deal of information can be obtained from analysis of the fluid surrounding a particular tissue or cell type. Extracellular body fluid accounts for nearly 20% of the total weight of an individual. Of this, about 75% is found around and between tis-... 

II. Increasing control over extracellular body fluids, filaments, and minerals... 

Two-thirds of total body water is distributed intracellularly while one-third is contained in the extracellular space. Sodium and its accompanying anions, chloride and bicarbonate, comprise more than 90% of the total osmolality of the extracellular fluid (ECF), while intracellular osmolality is primarily dependent on the concentration of potassium and its accompanying anions (mostly organic and inorganic phosphates). The differential concentrations of sodium and potassium in the intra- and extracellular fluid is maintained by the Na+-K+-ATPase pump. Most cell membranes are freely permeable to water, and thus the osmolality of intra- and extracellular body fluids is the same. Symptoms in patients with hypo- and hypernatremia are primarily related to alterations in cell volume. It is therefore essential to understand the factors that cause changes in cell volume. 

Sodium An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetaUic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]... 

Most fluids of the body are located in three regions of the body inside tissue cells (intracellular fluid), outside tissue cells (extracellular fluid), and in blood vessels. Volutnetri-cally, most of the extracellular fluids are of two types—blood and interstitial fluid, the fluid that occupies spaces between cells and moves in the lymph vessels. Other extracellular body fluids that occur in smaller amounts are urine, digestive juices, and cerebrospinal fluid. Chemically, blood (plasma) and interstitial fluid (including lymph) are similar. Intracellular fluid is chanicafly different from the extracellular fluids. 

Close (1934) has classifled the various regions of the body according to water content (a) Extracellular body fluids, plasma, lymph, cerebro-spinal and synovial fluids (b) cellular tissues rich in nuclei, glands, muscles, grey nervous tissue (c) supporting tissues poor in nuclei, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, white nervous tissue. 

Cisplatin and carboplatin are most commonly administrated to patients by intravenous injection. In human blood and in extracellular body fluids the physiological chloride concentration amounts to some 100 mM, and this is high enough to suppress hydrolysis, so that cisplatin can reach the outer surface of cells - perhaps recognized by receptor species in some cases - mainly as a neutral molecule. Carboplatin is even more hydrolytically stable. Early studies have shown that some 50% of the cisplatin may leave the body through the... 

The water amount in the human body constitutes about 60% of the body weight. Of this, 20% is extracellular body fluid which is made of 5% plasma and 15% tissue fluid. The tissue fluid and the plasma are in a steady state with the fluid inside the cells. There is a strict balance between water intake and water losses (homeostasis). In Fig. 2.1 the balance between daily water intake and water losses for the human body is given in percentages (from a total of 2.5 litres) per 24 hours. 

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