Fire information

The external events PSA was based on standard methods used for commercial reactor PSAs, Fire risk was estimated from commercial nuclear power plant data combined with industrial fire information. The seismic hazard was evaluated using a combination of the EPRI and LLNL ( UREG/CR-.3250) databases. Wind hazards were analyzed by EQE, Inc., using NRC-based nicihodulogy. 

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Neverfiieless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant fire information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. 

Fire Information http //life.anu.edu.au/firenet/firenet.html. 

Shipment. The DOT/IMO shipping information is shown in Table 6. Approved materials of constmction for shipping, storage, and associated transportation equipment are lined carbon steel (DOT spec. 105 S 500W) and type 316 stainless steel. Water spray, carbon dioxide, chemical-foam, or dry-chemical fire extinguishers may be used. 

Containers less than bulk must bear the red diamond-shaped "FLAMMABLE LIQUID" label. Bulk containers must display the red "FLAMMABLE" placard in association with the UN1090 identification. Fire is the main ha2ard in emergencies resulting from spills. Some manufacturers provide transportation emergency response information. A listing of properties and ha2ard response information for acetone is pubHshed by the U.S. 

Chemical safety data sheets for individual compounds should be consulted for detailed information. Precautions for the higher aldehydes are essentially those for most other reactive organic compounds, and should include adequate ventilation in areas where high exposures are expected fire and explosion precautions and proper instmction of employees in use of respiratory, eye, and skin protection. 

Fire test methods attempt to provide correct information on the fire contribution of a product by exposing a small sample to conditions expected in a fire scenario. Methods can be viewed in two ways the first entails the strategy of the fire test, ignition resistance or low flammabiUty once ignited the second addresses the test specimen, a sample representative of the product or a sample of a material that might be used in the product. Fire science has progressed markedly since the older test methods were developed and it is known that the basis for many of these tests is doubthil. Results from older tests must be used with great care. 

Isophthahc acid dust forms explosive mixtures with air at certain concentrations. These concentrations and other information on burning and explosiveness of isophthahc acid dust clouds are given in Table 27 (40,41). Fires can be extinguished with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water or water fog, or foam. 

The National Safety Council, National Fire Protection Association, and other similar organizations pubHsh technical information that describes general safety practices for use during the testing, handling, storage, and transport of sulfur (21,36—40). Each of these pubHcations include a Hst of references for additional health and safety information. 

Butadiene is primarily shipped in pressurized containers via railroads or tankers. U.S. shipments of butadiene, which is classified as a flammable compressed gas, are regulated by the Department of Transportation (254). Most other countries have adopted their own regulations (30). Other information on the handling of butadiene is also available (255). As a result of the extensive emphasis on proper and timely responses to chemical spills, a comprehensive handbook from the National Fire Protection Association is available (256). 

Fine water spray systems may be potentially superior to CO9 apphcations and may replace halon environments such as telephone central offices and computer rooms. In the fine spray dehveiy system, water is delivered at relatively high pressure (above 100 psi [0.689 MPa]) or by air atomization to generate droplets significantly smaUer than those generated by sprinklers. Water flow from a fine spray nozzle potentially extinguishes the fire faster than a sprinkler because the droplets are smaUer and vaporize more quickly. Preliminaiy information indicates that the smaller the droplet size, the lower the water flow requirements and the less chance of water damage. 

Many sophisticated models and correlations have been developed for consequence analysis. Millions of dollars have been spent researching the effects of exposure to toxic materials on the health of animals the effects are extrapolated to predict effects on human health. A considerable empirical database exists on the effects of fires and explosions on structures and equipment. And large, sophisticated experiments are sometimes performed to validate computer algorithms for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of toxic materials. All of these resources can be used to help predict the consequences of accidents. But, you should only perform those consequence analysis steps needed to provide the information required for decision making. 

Fig. 6-2, Uncontroiled forest fire. Source Information and Education Section, Oregon Department of Forestry.

Wood-fired power boilers are generally found at the mills where wood products are manufactured. They are fired with waste materials from the process, such as "hogged wood," sander dust, sawdust, bark, or process trim. Little information is available on gaseous emissions from wood-fired boilers, but extensive tests of particulate matter emissions are reported (19). These emissions range from 0.057 to 1.626 gm per dry standard cubic meter, with an average of 0.343 reported for 135 tests. Collection devices for particulate matter from wood-fired boilers are shown in Table 30-21. 

Comparatively little information is available concerning the use of additives in commercial grades of polycarbonate. Pigments, heat and ultraviolet stabilisers, blowing agents and fire retardants are used but the range of materials available... 

Riordan, M. and Hoddeson, L. (1997) Crystal Fire The Birth oj the Information Age (W.W. Norton and Company, New York). 

This information comes from a quite remarkable book. Crystal Fire The Birth of the Information Age (Riordan and Hoddeson 1997), which maps out systematically but very accessibly the events that led to the discovery of the transistor and the aftermath of that episode. I know of no better aceount of the interloeking sequence of events that led to eventual success, and of the personal characteristics of the principal participants that played such a great part in the story. 

Flammability information Flash point Fire point Flammable limits (LEL, UEL) Ignition temperature Spontaneous heating Toxic thermal degradation products Vapour pressure Dielectric constant Electrical resistivity Electrical group Explosion properties of dust in a fire... 

A Category 2 incident is one elearly reeognizable from the outset as beyond the eapability of the forees to hand. The emergeney serviees should be informed immediately of the magnitude of the ineident and the speeifie loeation. The resourees sent in response, e.g. the number of fire applianees, ambulanees, poliee, need to be predetermined by good pre-planning. 

Cover means of communicating health and safety information m all workplaces. Include illuminated signs, alarms, verbal communication, fire safety signs, marking of pipework, etc. 

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