Conditional expectation

In establishing specifications, the first important items to identify from the plant process material balance are normal, maximum, and minimum intake or suction flow rates together with corresponding conditions of temperature and pressure. The required discharge pressure must be established. If it is necessary or important to be able to operate at reduced or over-normal flow rates, these should be identified for the manufacturer, together with the length of time of such expected condition e.g., full time at one-half rate, 20 minutes out of every hour at 10% over normal, etc. These operating requirements may separate the types of equipment. Because it is uneconomical to purchase horsepower that cannot be used by the fluid system, ask that the manufacturer state the maximum load and/or conditions that will fully load the available horsepower of the compressor-driver unit. 

There are multiple possible current pathways through a DSSC, as shown in Fig. 1, because the nanoporous cell consists of two interpenetrating, bicontinuous chemical phases. The relative conductivity of these two phases and of the connection between them, Rct, depends on the illumination intensity, applied potential, kinetics of the redox couple, and so forth. Therefore, the distribution of current pathways depends also on these variables. In the DSSC, the dark current will take the distributed path of least overall resistance (Sections III. A-III.C), meaning it will flow primarily through solution [50] under the expected conditions of Rct < / 2- The dark current is thus mainly a measure of reaction (5) in this potential range, even though reaction (4) is expected to be the dominant recombination... 

Ability to perform under expected conditions of use and environment... 

Example 1 (from Grossmann and Morari, 1983). Traditional industrial practice generates resilient HENs by designing them for what are perceived to be extreme operating conditions. Naturally, if these extremes are selected properly, the HEN will perform satisfactorily for the whole range of expected conditions. This example demonstrates that the proper selection of extremes is far from trivial and that seemingly logical choices can lead to extremely poor systems. 

What is power quality Power quality, as defined in this book, is a set of electrical boundaries that allows equipment to function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. Conditions that provide satisfactory performance at the expense of life expectancy or vice versa are not acceptable. 

Applications. In the following paragraphs, the conditions (temperature, time, water/rock mass ratio, surface area) and the results on closed system oxygen consumption and redox conditions of the basalt-water experiments are compared to expected conditions in the open system backfill and near-field environment of an NWRB. Crushing of basalt for pneumatically emplaced backfill could result in a substantial fraction of finegrained basalt with a variety of active surface sites for reaction similar to the crushed basalt used in the experiments. The effects of crushing on rates of mineral-fluid reactions are well documented (10,26). 

In addition to stability studies on the product as it will be marketed, the product s conditions-of-use should be examined to determine if special studies are necessary. Such studies only need to be as long as the duration of expected conditions-of-use, or to be conservative, some multiple of the duration of the expected conditions-of-use. 

To some extent all traits show condition-dependent expression. For example, most traits scale with body size. The important question is whether we expect condition-dependence to be greater in sexual traits We can study this by... 

Where costs of sexual trait exaggeration strongly depend on condition (large k), we expect condition-dependence (f) to be large as well. 

We calculate directly the expected conditional variance of. 4-2 based on A ... 

---