Refueling time

In the United States, CNG s initial use is in captive, centrally refueled fleets which require limited range, such as deHvery vans, taxis, or school buses. Such vehicle fleets can afford the capital cost of refueling equipment and can tolerate the slightly longer refueling times. Many utiHty companies, such as Brooklyn Union Gas (New York), have purchased CNG vehicles as a way of encouraging the development of this fuel. AH three domestic automobile manufacturers offer CNG vehicles for sale. 

Refueling time About 3 min Rapid kinetic properties... 

Refueling time. There is a need to develop hydrogen storage systems with refueling times of <3 min for 5 kg of hydrogen. 

An energy policy must contemplate and accommodate market realities. An AFV must provide all the customer-desired attributes of conventionally fueled vehicles at a competitive cost, and with minimal inconveniences, such as prolonged refueling time, widespread availability of fuel, and other factors. Financial incentives from governments can be helpful in the introductory phases of an alternative fuel program, but they must have a finite lifetime, and the technology must compete on an even footing in the marketplace if it is to achieve widespread market penetration. 

Electric power trains are locally emission free, however the energy storage, with today s battery technology, is limited in energy density to about ISOWhkg if advanced lithium batteries are used and refueling time takes a few hours. So the range and availability of the vehicle is lower than for cars with ICE power trains. 

In last 40 years, the fuel bumup in light-water reactors (LWRs) has increased from -20,000 to -60,000 MWd/ton. This increased bumup has reduced refueling operations and was a major factor in reducing refueling times. The same economic drivers exist for the LS-VHTR and may result in significant reductions in refueling time as the technology is developed. 

Refueling time Long (hours) Short (minutes) Short (minutes)... 

The fuel cell is a strong contender as a power source for portable applications. Currently, the power source for portable applications is various batteries, such as Li-ion batteries, Ni-metal hydride batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, Zn-air batteries, and even Pb-acid batteries. Batteries are convenient to use, especially for low power loads (e.g., a few watts or less), but the time they can power the load is often quite short, and recharging of secondary batteries takes a few hours. A fuel cell has the potential to provide longer running time and with minimal refueling time. 

Customer demands (e.g., total cost of ownership, overall capacity, refueling time, and efficiency). 

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