Filtered Water System

Tt s a wonder," said Sexton, that the whole population isn t wiped out by disease. They seem to thrive on that water. I suppose, if someday we induce the government to put in a properly filtered water system, they d all die off like flies."... 

Filtered water system which provides a makeup er source for the basin. The basin mak p fines fiom both Cooling Water (CW 39) and River Water (RW>1) are blanked oflf... 

The filtered water system for K-Reactor provided makeup for the Disassembfy Basin and for the Process Room spray system for emergen use during reactor charge and discharge operations. The Filtered Water System is being maintained however, the Process Room Spray System has been blanked off and is no in s ce... 

The normal source of makeup water to the K-, L-, and P-Reactor Disassembly Badns is from the filtered water system throu two makeup water fines. One of the fines supplies the MB, while the other supplies the VTS badn (Ref 8-28). Inhered water to eadi badn is supplied through a manual blodc valve and then to a pneumatically operated butterfty valve. The water then flows into the respective section of the Disassembly Bam Filter water can be automatically controlled, but is not usually operated in this manner. Makeiq> water addition is normally manually controlled via the manual block valves. The emergency cooling water pump suction header CW-39 and the river water header RW-1 were once alternative sources of mak water to these Disassmbly Basins. Each of these alternate sources of water have been drained and isolated from the Disassembly Basins (Ref 8-27), and are not considered as sources. 

Fig. 7. A bead filter, one of many types of biological filters, shown in association with a laboratory-scale recirculating water system. Small plastic beads inside the fiber glass chamber provide surface area for colonisation by bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate.

Cleanliness is a measure of the water and sediment and the partieulate eontent. Water and sediment are found primarily in liquid fuels, while partieulates are found in gaseous fuels. Partieulates and sediments eause elogging of fuel filters. Water leads to oxidation in the fuel system and poor eombustion. A fuel ean be eleaned by filtration. 

The growth of community water supply systems in the United States started in the early 1800s. By 1860, over 400, and by the turn of the century over 3000 major water systems had been built to serve major cities and towns. Many older plants were equipped with slow sand filters. In the mid 1890s, the Louisville Water Company introduced the technologies of coagulation with rapid sand filtration. 

Another option is to use open filters, which are generally constructed in concrete. They are normally rectangular in configuration. The filter mass is posed on a filter bottom, provided with its own drainage system, including bores that are needed for the flow of filtered water as well as for countercurrent washing with water or air. 

Figure 7. Automatic backwashing filter with a partial siphon system 1-filtered water (reserve) 2-partial siphoning 3-initiation 4-restitution.

All diesel fuels tend to contain trace water, expressed in parts per million (ppm). With the veiy high fuel injection pressures now used in electronically controlled diesel engine, fuel-filter/water separators are widely used, since water allowed to circulate freely through the injection system can result in seizure of components and erosion of injector orifice holes, and in extreme cases the high compressibility factor of water can blow the tip off of the fuel injector. 

Piping system Main steam Process steam Feedwater Raw water Treated water Potable water Aux. cooling system Firefighting system Clarified water Filtered water Water-intake system Circulating-water system Chemical dosing Station drains Fuel oil Fuel gas... 

This section presents the different methods employed as virtual filters to predict log P in the 1-octanol/water system and in other solvent systems. In Table 5.1, one can find a list of useful softwares which use one of the reviewed methods (Table 5.1). 

In the same way, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) was immobilized on polycarbonate (PC) filters and the apparent permeability measured after 5 h incubation time was correlated to log Pnpoe for a series of reference compounds (log Pnpoe ranging from —1 to 3.6) [90]. Lipophilicity values in the alkane/water system were also determined using PAMPA with hexadecane-PC coated filters [89]. In this case, a correlation was found between intrinsic permeability (log Pq, permeability corrected for ionization and for unstirred water layer contribution, which particularly affects permeability of lipophilic compounds) and log P ik. However, log Pq is obtained from the knowledge of the pJC, value(s) and the permeability pH profile and therefore requires the full permeability pH profile to be measured for each compound, which negatively impacts the assay throughput. 

Drain or filter water from fuel system routinely. 

These filters are useful for retrofitting to existing cooling water systems that may be required to operate with a deteriorating water quality, and they usually present minimal installation problems. For most applications, however, they are installed in-line, and this can present installation problems in larger industrial process cooling systems that cannot be shut down. 

An example of such a product is ioBio , marketed by Baltimore Aircoil Co. (BAC). It is proposed for small cooling systems. This system is, in effect, an in-line dispenser of prilled elemental iodine (U), with replaceable iodine canisters available. The equipment is placed in the makeup waterline to the tower, and in-line options include filters, water meters, and back-flow prevention devices. Claims made are that the biocidal action of the elemental iodine is not affected by changes in temperature, system load, or water chemistry. Also, the system is compatible with virtually all scale and corrosion inhibitors and does not contribute to the corrosion of metal surfaces. 

Many closed-loop hot/cold/chilled water systems are not treated, perhaps due to the mistaken notion that treatment is not required. Only when severe corrosion and fouling/blockages problems occur is something done, by which time it is normally too late to fully recover the situation. Closed-loop systems should always be cleaned, passivated, and treated. Treatment is most usually applied by means of a dosing pot (bypass feeder) installed on a bypass line. Some operators also install sidestream filters to remove suspended iron oxide. This is most probably not necessary if the... 

Pressure or vacuums may be applied to filtering systems to hasten the removal of contaminants. Other systems only use gravity, which involves percolating contaminated water through artificial beds or columns containing sand and other materials. In the field, artificial or natural sediment layers routinely filter water as it migrates into the subsurface (Jekel, 1994, 129). Although many filtration systems will not remove dissolved arsenic, filters can physically remove iron (oxy)(hydr)oxides and other particles that coprecipitate and sorb arsenic. 

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