Water injection systems filters

Water and sediment usually result from poor fuel handling and storage practices. Water and sediment can enter from atmospheric air, through fuel transportation systems, and from blending operations. Corrosion, filter blocking, injection system wear, and deposit formation can result. A listing of some classes of compounds which can be found in middle distillate fuel is provided in TABLE 3-15. 

Isolation and safety Sample and check transformer oil Water Treating Load filter beds Load ion exchanger Make up injection systems Cooling Water... 

All diesel fuels tend to contain trace water, expressed in parts per million (ppm). With the veiy high fuel injection pressures now used in electronically controlled diesel engine, fuel-filter/water separators are widely used, since water allowed to circulate freely through the injection system can result in seizure of components and erosion of injector orifice holes, and in extreme cases the high compressibility factor of water can blow the tip off of the fuel injector. 

Overall, EGR and combustion/injection systems constitute the key factors to comply with the EuroIV standards (applied in January, 2005). The EuroIV step exhibits EuroIII NO and soot particles limits divided by 2. Besides, vehicle s weight is always increasing due to the introduction of new safety systems and equipment. Therefore, pollutants emissions increase and a supplementary effort to reach the normative threshold is to be made. To comply with this target, some evolutions have been introduced, as for example multi-injection or water-cooling of the EGR system. The NO,/particle compromise adjustment remains possible for most of the applications without any after-treatment system like the Diesel particle filter (DPF). 

Abdel-Hamid et al. [122] used a flow-injection amperometric immunofll-tration assay system for the rapid detection of total E. coli and Salmonella. Disposable porous nylon membranes served as a support for the immobilization of anti- ]. coli or anti-Salmonella antibodies. The assay system consists of a flow-injection system, a disposable filter-membrane, and an amperometric sensor. A sandwich immunoassay specifically and directly detected 50 cells ml total E. coli or 50 cells ml Salmonella. The immunosensor can be used as a highly sensitive and automated bioanalytical device for the rapid quantitative detection of bacteria in food and water. 

When a membrane-based desalination process is used, seawater is first collected and pumped to the water-treatment plant. Sodium hypochlorite is injected periodically after the intake pumps to prevent biological growth within the water-treatment system. Suspended solids are retained by sand filters or MF. The filtered water is then acidified. 

Water can contribute to filter blocking and cause corrosion of the injection system components. In addition to clogging of the filters, sediment can cause wear and create deposits both in the injection system and in the engine itself. Thus one of the most important characteristics of a diesel fuel, the water and sediment content (ASTM D-1796, IP 75), is the result of handling and storage practices from the time the fuel leaves the refinery until the time it is delivered to the engine injection system. 

Using small quantities of additives, such as cerium oxide, incorporated in the fuel or injected into the exhaust ahead of the particulate trap. The additive, when collected on the filter with the particulate, allows the particulate to bum at normal exhaust temperatures to form carbon dioxide and water. This system is insensitive to sulphur and can be used with current European diesel fuel containing 500 PPM of sulphur. 

The thermodynamics of this process are described in detail in references (67 —72, 80,81). Let us examine a typical methanol injection system. In a typical methanol injection and recovery system for a cold-oil absorption or turboexpander plant, feed gas passes through a free-water knockout drum and into a gas-gas exchanger with methanol being sprayed on exchanger tube-sheets. Methanol inhibits hydrate formation and aqueous methanol condenses in the exchanger (and the chiller following it) and is pumped to a primary separator. The methanol-water solution is then flashed in a flash drum and filtered into a methanol still to recover methanol. Normally, methanol dissolves in the hydrocarbon liquids and is distilled as a mixture of propane and methanol. Some of the methanol is recovered as the overhead product to recover the methanol dissolved in the heavier solution, the bottoms of the methanol still (propane product or hydrocarbon liquids from the demethanizer)... 

Sample preparation Plasma. 1 mL Plasma 50 p.L 100 pg/mL oxacillin in water -I- 20 pL 4% aqueous sodium dodecyl hydrogen sulfate solution, shake for 30 min, filter (Amicon MPS-1 micropartition system, YMT membrane) while centrifuging, a( ust the pH of the ultrafiltrate to 6.3-6.5 with pH 4 citrate buffer, inject a 500 pL aliquot onto column A with mobile phase A and elute to waste, after 10 min elute the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase B, elute with mobile phase B, monitor the effluent from column B. Urine. 5-100 pL Urine -I- 50 pL 100 pg/mL oxacillin in water, make up to 500 pL with water, inject onto column A with mobile phase A and elute to waste, after 10 min elute the contents of column A onto column B with mobile phase B, elute with mobile phase B, monitor the effluent from column B. 

HPLC measurements were performed on a Waters radial-compression system with a CN column (particle size 5 xm, cartridge 8-mm i.d.). The HPLC apparatus consisted of an ERC-3110 degasser (Erma Optical Works), a Waters U6K injection system, a filter and a precolumn (CN), and a Beckman 160 UV detector with a zinc lamp at a wavelength of 214 nm. The liquid phase was a mixture of 50 vol % acetonitrile and 50 vol % water that contained 0.005 M dibutylamine phosphate. The flow rate was 2.0 mL min" ... 

The turbidity must be less than 1.0 NTU to prevent foufing of RO membranes by particulate matter. A higher NTU value means the GMF must be washed. The filtered water is injected with chemicals as it flows to the RO system to prevent scaling of membranes by sparingly soluble salts. 

For the Zaporozhe NPP, the 3 suction lines of the 3 trains of the low pressure injection system are connected to the containment sump. This sump is filled in normal operation with 630 m of borated water, A test was performed on Units 5 and 6 during which the spray pumps and low pressure injection pumps worked 72 hours to demonstrate that the design has been well adapted. The loss of water due to trapping in certain areas of the containment after spraying situation is estimated to be about 200 m. However the test showed that the filters into the sump should be modified in order to reduce the number of the filter-grids damaged by loose parts and plugged by thermal insulation material. 

Reconstituted, homogenized sample (10 g) was treated with NaOH and phosphate buffer (pH = 5.5). The solution was diluted to known volume widi water, filtered and injected into the LC—UV system. 

Total A and E content 1 ml sample was added of IS and pyrogallic acid and submitted to alkaline hydrolysis with medianolic KOH, vortexed, and placed in an ultrasonic bath (45°C, 15 min). Cooled sample was extracted twice widi acqueous 5% NaCl, followed by isopropanol and hexane—methylene (5 1, v/v). Organic phases were pooled, washed with water until pH < 7, evaporated, reconstituted, filtered, and injected into the LC system. 

Molecular weight and polydispersity were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis with a Waters GPC system (comprising a SIS HPLC pump, a 717 autosampler, a 2410 RI detector, a column heater and two Styragel HT6E coliunns), with a mobile phase of HFIP with 0.0 IM LiBr at the flow rate of O.S ml/min. The specimens were dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The solution was filtered with a S ml polypropylene (PP) syringe equi ped with a 0.4S pm PP filter to remove any insoluble materials prior to GPC injection. Polymethyi methacrylate standards with narrow polydispersity were used for calibration. The data was analyzed by Millennium version 3.0S.01 software. 

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