Field trials method

As the protective value of the zinc coating depends largely on the corrosion resistance of zinc, the life of a coating is governed almost entirely by its thickness and by the severity of the corrosive conditions to which it is exposed. Extensive tests and field trials which have been carried out have shown that the life of a zinc coating is roughly proportional to its thickness in any particular environment and is independent of the method of application. 

Microbid-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) was first proposed in 1926 by A. Beckman [1780], Between 1943 and 1953, C. E. Zobell [1903,1904] laid the foundations of MEOR techniques. The results were largely dismissed in the United States because there was little interest in finding methods to enhance the recovery of oil at this time. However, in some European countries, the interest for MEOR increased and several field trials were conducted. The first MEOR water flood field project in the United States was initiated in 1986. The site selected was in the Mink Unit of Delaware-Childers Field in Nowata County, Oklahoma [268]. 

The applicants must provide the analytical methods used for the determination of the residues in the supervised field trial(s). The following features of the analytical methods are required by MAFF ... 

OPPTS 860.1000 Background OPPTS 860.1100 Chemical Identity OPPTS 860.1200 Directions for Use OPPTS 860.1300 Nature of Residue - Plants, Livestock OPPTS 860.1340 Residue Analytical Method OPPTS 860.1360 Multiresidue Method OPPTS 860.1380 Storage Stability Data OPPTS 860.1400 Water, Fish, Irrigated Crops OPPTS 860.1460 Food Handling OPPTS 860.1480 Meat/Milk/Poultry/Eggs OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials OPPTS 860.1520 Processed Food/Feed OPPTS 860.1550 Proposed Tolerances... 

There are many ways to determine the weights and volumes to use in an application to a residue field trial. If calculated correctly, all of these methods are adequate. No... 

Recommendations Recommended for internal inspection of pressure vessels to use in addition to UT techniques, recognizing its limitation for advanced stages of HTHA and not finding microscopic stages of HTHA. Can be used to follow-up indications from other methods or at suspected hot spots where damage is suspected. Not recommended for general HTHA detection. May be useful for verification of shear wave UT indications. Recommended for internal inspection of pressure vessels to use in addition to UT MT techniques. Additional development work and field trials recommended. Not currendy recommended as a primary method for HTHA detection. 

A modified method for determining Bayluscide in field trials was described by Strufe [59]. It involved the use of test kit containing safranin granulate and extracting with diethylcarbonate instead of ammonium acetate. The color reaction followed by a Zeiss-Ikon Polytest Colorimeter. 

A seed dressing method based on electrons was developed and tested by Lindner et al. (1996) and Schauder (2003) as a direct method to improve seed quality and remove/reduce seedborne disease inocula. Electron seed dressing effectively removed common bunt spores (Tilletia caries) and reduced bunt levels compared to untreated seeds in field trials. However, its efficacy against M. nivale has not, as yet, been confirmed. Since this technique has potentially negative effects on germination rates of seed, it is limited to surface treatments (Jahn, 2002 Jahn et al., 2005). 

Ion conductivity has essentially become the quantity used as the field-trial standard for any prospective electrolytes, because it can be easily measured with simple instrumentation, and the results are highly accurate and reproducible. The methodology and the fundamental principles involved with the measurement have been summarized in a detailed review. On the other hand, no reliable method has been available so far for the exact determination of ion mobility (or a related property, diffusivity and ionization degree, especially in electrolyte solutions in the concentration ranges of practical interest. ... 

Test methods have been developed for both dormant and summer spray oils to predict accurately the behavior of a given oil, from the viewpoint of both tree or plant response and efficiency against pests. In the earlier days of spray oils, it was difficult to predict the behavior of a given product without actual exhaustive field trials, but by making use of the experience and testing techniques that are now available, spray oils can be selected with definite knowledge as to their behavior under practical usage conditions in the field. 

We used a rather simple protocol in our laboratory validation studies. Future studies should include other factors such as temperature effects, the effects of potential interfering substances on recovery and actual field trials. These field trials should be monitored by an independent method in which we have a high degree of confidence. 

Both processes have been used successfully in field trials. The 1978 trial in Brazos County, Texas [35] used both on the same job for comparison purposes. After three years no significant difference in performance has been noted. Only 2 of the last 18 field trials placed in the United States during 1979 utilized the preblending method, exclusively [33] indicating a perference for the direct substitution method. 

Cross-disciplinary research approaches need to build on an understanding of how different methods relate to their research world , and what this means. For example, if laboratory research, field trials, crop rotation experiments and on-farm research are compared, they differ in complexity, and subsequently in the conditions for experimentation and control, and thereby for replications or reproductions of phenomena. They also differ with respect to the need for ethical considerations. Furthermore, systemic approaches that include, for example, the human and social parts of the agricultural systems into their research world are often perceived as less scientific than conventional, analytical approaches, which have delimited their research worlds to exclude those aspects of reality. However, these obviously different approaches are not different in their potential for doing good science. This recognition can serve as a basis for a reflexive discussion of the focus and meaning conveyed by different research perspectives and the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods in cross-disciplinary research approaches. 

The decision on the proper sampling technique will be influenced by each of these factors, and the selection process may go through several field trials until the most appropriate sampling option is established. To assist the reader in the selection of the proper sampling method, Example 3.2 addresses their advantages and limitations. 

Sulfur-asphalt binders can be prepared by various mechanical means. One conventional method is to combine liquid sulfur and asphalt at 285°-300°F in a Gifford Wood colloid mill. A rotor stator gap setting of 0.02 in. at 7000 rpm for 8 min will prepare satisfactory emulsions. This emulsion is immediately mixed with preheated aggregate. The laboratory binder was prepared by TTI (Texas Transportation Institute) scientists in cooperation with SNPA (Societe Nationale des Petroles d Aquitaine) scientists and is believed to be comparable with the binders prepared by the turbine in the field trials. The need for dispersing sulfur in the asphalt is discussed by Garrigues (9) and by Kennepohl et al., Deme, and McBee et al. elsewhere in this volume. 

The study of the efficacy and behaviour of different products and their formulations has evolved through purely empirical field trials, into various controlled environment or laboratory screening methods, to more detailed fundamental and mechanistic studies, leading to the development of models for the processes of deposition, retention, uptake and translocation [3]. This overview will consider these processes, their limitations, and their future potential. Due to the fact that most studies have been with herbicides into plants, with little or no information on uptake of pesticides by insects or padiogens, the main focus will be on the uptake of herbicides into plant foliage. 

Field Application. Field trials of classical alkaline flooding have been disappointing. Mayer et al. (60) indicated that only 2 of 12 projects had significant incremental oil recovery North Ward Estes and Whittier with 6-8 and 5-7% pore volume, respectively. Estimated recovery from the Wilmington field was 14% with a classical alkaline flooding method (61). However, post-project evaluation of that field indicated no improvement over water-flooding (62). 

Butola, J.S. (2009). Propagation and field trials using conventional methods, of some threatened medicinal plant species of Himachal Pradesh. PhD Thesis submitted to Forest Research Institute University, Dehradun, India. 

ADAS, the advisory service for farmers in England and Wales, has adopted a method of P-extraction from soil using a sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. This extracts the P in the soil solution and the P that is easily desorbed from soil particles. By correlation of this chemical extraction method with extensive field trials of fertiliser response on different soil types, the advisory services are able to make fertiliser recommendations for farmers. 

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