Research approaches cross-disciplinary

The mechanisms for carrying out the research required are not clear. These mechanisms must be cost-effective while involving as wide an array of talent as possible. It is evident from the meeting of experts which generated this report that cross-disciplinary and inter-institutional approaches to meeting these needs must be fomented. 

Cross-disciplinary research approaches need to build on an understanding of how different methods relate to their research world , and what this means. For example, if laboratory research, field trials, crop rotation experiments and on-farm research are compared, they differ in complexity, and subsequently in the conditions for experimentation and control, and thereby for replications or reproductions of phenomena. They also differ with respect to the need for ethical considerations. Furthermore, systemic approaches that include, for example, the human and social parts of the agricultural systems into their research world are often perceived as less scientific than conventional, analytical approaches, which have delimited their research worlds to exclude those aspects of reality. However, these obviously different approaches are not different in their potential for doing good science. This recognition can serve as a basis for a reflexive discussion of the focus and meaning conveyed by different research perspectives and the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods in cross-disciplinary research approaches. 

The long-standing problem of the polymer conformational transitions is an open issue of the cross-disciplinary research work and interest [1—4]. It is usually referred to as the Levinthal s paradox with an emphasis on the substantial discrepancy between the phenomenological data and the theoretical background of the issue [5]. The original Levinthal s analysis [5] has led to extensive search for the preferred pathways (trajectories) in the conformation space of a macromolecule. Recently, the problem is sharpened by the new approach that calls for the fiinnel-like form of the conformation space [6], probably offering the possibility to overcome the Levinthal s paradox. 

Obviously, there is a need for both types of hybrid identities, but what is perhaps most important to emphasize is that one type should not be favored at the expense of the others. In some situations, where it is primarily public participation and cultural change that need to be fostered, there need to be opportunities for interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches, and, in particular, for research in which academics and laypeople collaborate in efforts that are organized from below in relation to local needs and concerns. This is what we have come to identify with the notion of a hybrid imagination. 

Klemola, E. et al., 2009. A cross-disciplinary approach to minimising the risks of maritime transport in the Gulf of Finland. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 2(4), pp. 343-363. 

In summary, this book provides a complete overview of polymers Iot PEM fuel cells, emphasizing essential methods, developments, and state-of-the-art appUcations. With chemical, synthetic, and cross-disciplinary approaches, it includes all the necessary techniques and technologies to help readers better understand polymers for PEM fuel cells. Of course, this book is the compilation of input from a number of researchers in references. I wish to collect as many topics in this area as possible. However, it is difficult for me to fit all the materials in this book. Last, but certainly not least, I thank every reader of this book, and solicit your comments to me. 

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