Field pilot studies

In situ bench-scale microcosms as well as field pilot studies have been conducted to optimize in situ PCB soil biotreatment processes. This work has focused on dilute PCB contamination (less that 100 mg/kg) because of the current rate limitations of... 

Thus, bench or pilot studies are necessary to avoid technology misapplication in the field. The loss of time in treatment or the requirement to provide additional treatment for the waste is very expensive. Therefore, the relatively small costs and time needed for these studies make them useful tools in treatment selection. Bench-scale treatability studies for demonstrated technologies can cost between 10,000- 50,000 and take up to 6 weeks. Demonstrated technologies are those for which the major design parameters and treatment efficiencies are well understood. Innovative (and some biological processes) will require substantially more time (4-16 weeks) and money ( 25,000-> 200,000). These are estimates, and actual time and costs are going to depend on what kind of technology is under consideration. 

IOS has been studied as a suitable cosurfactant in caustic flooding operations [11]. A field pilot test at White Castle (Texas) which used a blend of IOS 1720 and IOS 2024 was considered to be a technical success. 

Albert Pilot studied Chemistry at Utrecht Urriversity in The Netherlands, with a major in analytical chemistry and a minor in educational research. His PhD was in 1980 on learning problem solving in science at the University of Twente. In 1996 he was appointed as full professor of curriculirm development in IVLOS Institute of Education at Utrecht University and in 1998 also as professor of Chemistry Education in the Department of Chemistry of that university. His research in Chemistry Education is concentrated in the field of curricitlirm development, context-based education and professiorral development of teachers. 

RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION. The TFSA-waterflood pilot study was conducted in Santa Fe Energy Company s Torrance Field. The field was discovered in 1922 and produces from Miocene and Pliocene sands located at depths of 3100 ft to 4400 ft (945 m to 1340 m) subsea. Within the pilot area, the net pay thickness of the Main Zone averages 96 ft (29 m) and varies from less than 90 ft (27 m) in the center of the pattern to more than 110 ft (34 m) in the northwest and southeast sections of the pilot. 

A 36 acre TFSA-waterflood pilot study was conducted in the Main Zone of Santa Fe Energy Company s Torrance Field. 

METHODS FOR FIELD-, PILOT-, AND BENCH-SCALE STUDIES... 

Methods for Field-, Pilot- and Bench-Scale Studies 173... 

Pilot studies and field applications have shown vacuum-enhanced pumping to increase the rate of free-product recovery and in many cases significantly reduce the amount of groundwater recovered with the free product. 

Conditions favoring efficient separation of flocculent metal precipitates in a basin include a low surface overflow rate, adequate depth, and inlet and outlet designs for a uniform velocity field with minimal short circuiting or stagnation. Solids separation is likely to limit the overall efficiency of metals removal in treatment, so pilot studies include batch and continuous flow settling column studies.18... 

Pollutants Monitor Needed Monitor Under Development Prototype Under Development Tested and Evaluated Used in Pilot Studies Used in Large Field Studies Ready for Routine Use... 

Several field test studies have been undertaken utilizing the SEPAREX process in a 2-in. diameter element size Due to the modular configuration of membrane systems, a full size system can be directly designed from the test results with a small pilot plant. Although the flow rates for a pilot unit are considerably lower than might be encountered in a full-size system, all process parameters such as product purities, pressure drop, product recoveries, optimum pressure and temperature, membrane area required and series/parallel arrangement of the elements can be directly determined. 

A number of laboratory studies of the application of the alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding to various reservoir systems have been reported (63-67), but field application of this technology has been limited. Several field pilots are in progress or have been completed, but only one has been evaluated to date in the technical literature (68). This project is in the West Kiehl field in Wyoming operated by Terra Resources Inc. 

The mass-transfer coefficient is sensitive to several factors, including Henry s constant of the contaminant, the packing factor, and the temperature of the ambient air and water to be treated. An HTU value, calculated at 20°C from Eq. (7), would require a fivefold increase if ambient water and air temperatures of 5°C and -12°C, respectively, were encountered (9). Therefore, the equations presented are recommended for initial design work and evaluation of pilot studies or field data. Data from pilot studies are required to provide dependable values for the mass-transfer coefficient and the effects on removal efficiencies produced by varying system parameters. An analytical program... 

Local flora and fauna analysis to permit determination as to whether the contaminants have entered the food chain and to assess the tendency of various species to concentrate or eliminate individual contaminants. In some cases, it is necessary to supplement the field investigations with controlled bench- or pilot-scale studies. These studies may be performed to simulate a mobilization or dispersion mechanism, or the complex chemical interactions between the waste form, surrounding matrix, or soil pathways, and/or the effectiveness of certain technologies in preventing migration or providing the required level of isolation. These pilot studies are often defined as feedback and obtained from the assessment of remedial alternatives. 

A series of ecological field observations were carried out. Many different types of analyses were performed because the aim of this pilot study was to focus extra attention on this leg of the Triad. The selection of tests was based on the biological indicator for soil quality (BiSQ Schouten et al., 2000), comprising several microbial parameters (biomass, leucine and thymidine incorporation rate, potential carbon and nitrogen utilisation, microbial community structure), nematode community structure and species abundances, enchytraeid community structure... 

Many pilot studies and field cases have been summarized an effort has been made to select these studies and cases so that each one addresses unique issues. This book also proposes some new concepts and ideas or hypotheses. Several of them need to be validated by further research, and some may stimulate other research interests. From this standpoint, this book could be useful to researchers. The basic theories and sample calculations should help students and professionals who are less experienced in this area. This book also may be used by environmental engineering professionals who work on cleaning up wastes and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPE). In addition, an effort has been made to strike an ideal balance between theory and practice in addition, extensive references are provided. 

Abdul, A.S. and Ang, C.C. (1994) In-situ surfactant washing of polychlorinated-biphenyls and oils from a contaminated field site - Phase II pilot-study. Ground Water, 32(5), 727-734. 

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