Monitoring instrumentation needs

More reliable and durable instrumentation. Temperature monitoring instrumentation needs to have life extensions beyond current 30 to 45 days. Furthermore, automated on-line feed (for fuel switching purposes) and on-line product analysis instrumentation are needed. 

There may be a significant time lapse between the OQ and PQ phases, and as a result, consideration must be given to whether any control and monitoring instrumentation needs to be recalibrated. It is advisable to recalibrate critical instrumentation under the site calibration procedures and so guarantee correct calibration prior to commencing PQ. 

Consider the parameters that need to be measured and the instrumentation needed to make the measurements for monitoring dispersion of effluent from a 30-m stack. 

Decide and show those ancillary instruments needed for the monitoring of the plant operation by the operators and for trouble-shooting and plant development. It is well worthwhile including additional connections for instruments which may be needed for future trouble-shooting and development, even if the instruments are not installed permanently. This would include extra thermowells, pressure tappings, orifice flanges, and extra sample points. 

Instruments based on differential ultraviolet absorption still need to be evaluated, and possibly modified, before their acceptance for monitoring ozone in polluted atmospheres on a nationwide scale. The carb and other air pollution control agencies are currently conducting multiyear programs for evaluating ultraviolet absorption side by side with chemiluminescent and potassium iodide-based instruments, to determine their applicability and needed modification, as well as to ensure continuity in the data base while the older monitoring instruments are being replaced. 

As life-cycle qualification activities move to the in situ operating environment a methodical approach for the site calibration of control and monitoring instrumentation is needed to provide suitable calibration and any associated records for the loop instrumentation and regulating devices on critical parameter duty. 

There may be a large time gap between the IQ, OQ, and PQ phases for instrumentation associated with particnlar mamrfactnring processes dne to the site constmction program (e.g., unavailability of utilities, panels). As a resnlt, some control and monitoring instrumentation may need to be recalibrated prior to commencing OQ, and possibly again prior to PQ, depending on calibration frequencies. It would be advisable to recalibrate critical instrumentation anyway to ensure its status is known prior to OQ and PQ. 

Decide and show those ancillary instruments needed for the monitoring of the plant operation by the operators and for troubleshooting and plant development. It is well worthwhile to include additional connections for instruments... 

Total liquid in the scrubber system in the pilot equipment is maintained at about 16 liters. The raw solution in the scrubber is recycled to the distribution plate at rates from 0.2 to 0.7 gal/min. The filtered portion that flows through the monitoring instruments and the cooling spray are maintained constant at a rate of 0.2 gal/min. Flow of solution to the regenerator is controlled from 0 to 4.2 liters/hr, depending on the rate at which ammonia is needed for the vapor-phase reaction. 

To some extent, progress has been limited by the availability of measurements on exchange processes. Until recently, temperature microstructure measurements were the primary approach to quantify near-surface turbulence. The instruments needed to do this were expensive and difficult to operate. The situation is now considerably improved. Microstructure sensors more suited to field use are commercially available, and are more user-friendly . Alternative methods to observe or infer mixing processes have also been perfected, including free-fall CTDs, acoustic doppler sensors and acoustically monitored floats. As these techniques are refined and deployment, operation, and analysis become more routine, it will become increasingly practical to incorporate a mixing component into field studies of UVR effects. 

The development status of process control instrumentation lags that of the quality control instruments significantly Nuclear density gauges function in the coal preparation plant environment The slurry concentration meter has application in the intermediate and fine sized coal cleaning circuits and needs to be tested in a preparation plant Other devices, such as ash monitors to control the operation of heavy media baths or jigs are not available and instruments developed for other process industries are not suitable for use in coal preparation plants Modeling studies of the various unit operations are required in order to ascertain the fundamental parameters required to automate the control of these systems Primary process control instrument needs include ash, sulfur, and moisture monitors secondary needs include an on-line washability and ash fusion measurement ... 

Monopolar cells Simple and rugged design Relatively inexpensive parts Simple fabrication techniques Individual cells can be easily monitored Cells can be easily isolated with minimum disruption to production Rectifiers optimized for large scale plants Bipolar cells Lower unit cell voltage Intercell busbars greatly reduced Rectifier costs more easily optimized for small to medium size plants Less instrumentation needed Fewer electrolyzers in the system Higher capacities for electrolyzer... 

The demand for antistatic, electromagnetic shielding and related additives in the plastics industry is driven partly by sales of electrical and electronic equipment, much of which requires antistatic packaging and housings. Antistats have an important role in office equipment, reducing paper jams. Clean rooms for the manufacture of chip trays and silicon wafer cases need antistatic and other additives with low ion contamination and low volatile eontent, which implies pine substances. Medical monitoring equipment and aircraft instrumentation need to be protected from electronic interference. 

Of course, autonomous operation for extended periods would require that any essential functions nonnally provided by technical staff, such as instrument calibration or testing the availability of safety systems, would either have to be performed automatically by remote means or not be required for the duration of autonomous operation. Thus, cost savings from reducing staff requirements may be offset to some degree by the need for additional monitoring instrumentation. 

Generic Safety Issue (GSI) II.F.2 in NUREG-0933 (Reference 1), addresses the need for plants to install improved accident monitoring instrumentation for the detection of inadequate core cooling. 

The TMI accident, identified a need for improved accident monitoring instrumentation because at the start of an accident, it may be difficult for the operator to immediately evaluate what accident has occurred and, therefore, to determine the appropriate response. 

As previously discussed, operational intervention levels should be calculated that would indicate when different types of protective actions are needed. These operational intervention levels will be actual readings that can be obtained by environmental monitoring instruments. The values and the instruments used are determined by the nature of the radioactive release. For example, operational intervention levels based on gamma dose rates can be used to determine whether evacuations and relocations are warranted following a major release from... 

---